Table 3.

Dietary changes in gut microbiota composition of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Significant (p < 0.05) bacterial species with a mean of relative abundance (16S rRNA gene amplicon) >0.5% at least in one dietary arm found in feces of CKD patients after three different dietary regimens: the Mediterranean diet (MD), the ketoanalog-supplemented Mediterranean (MD + KA), and the ketoanalog-supplemented very-low-protein diet (VLPD).

Phylum	Family	Species	MD	MD + KA	VLPD	* p MD vs. MD + KA	p MD vs. VLPD	p MD + KA vs. VLPD
Actinobacteria	Bifidobacteriaceae	Bifidobacterium adolescentis	1.25	1.01	3.39	** ns	0.038	0.022
		Bifidobacterium stercoris	0.91	0.92	1.75	ns	0.036	0.014
Bacteroidetes	Bacteroidaceae	Bacteroides eggerthii	0.2	1.06	0.01	ns	ns	0.024
		Bacteroides stercoris	0.74	0.7	1.73	ns	0.019	0.004
		Bacteroides uniformis	0.31	1.14	0.84	0.030	ns	ns
	Prevotellaceae	Prevotella copri	2.51	0.06	5.34	0.036	ns	0.010
Firmicutes	Clostridiaceae	Alkaliphilus crotonatoxidans	0.91	0.37	0.71	0.028	ns	ns
		Clostridium cadaveris	2.23	0.37	7.17	ns	0.019	0.000
		Sarcina maxima	0.24	0.18	1.23	ns	0.021	0.014
	Coriobacteriaceae	Eggerthella sinensis	0.3	0.23	0.89	ns	0.001	0.002
	Enterococcaceae	Enterococcus lactis	1.31	1.7	0.19	ns	ns	0.024
	Erysipelotrichaceae	Erysipelothrix inopinata	0.3	0.4	0.57	ns	0.047	ns
		Eubacterium biforme	1.12	1.84	0.46	ns	ns	0.008
	Lachnospiraceae	Blautia coccoides	3.71	6.52	6.59	0.001	0.013	ns
		Blautia hydrogenotrophica	0.01	0.27	0.55	ns	0.027	ns
		Blautia obeum	1.29	1.24	2.79	ns	0.008	0.001
		Blautia wexlerae	2.92	6.62	6.39	ns	0.021	ns
		Coprococcus eutactus	0.28	0.62	0.98	ns	0.004	ns
		Dorea formicigenerans	0.63	0.71	0.28	ns	0.005	0.001
		Lachnospira pectinoschiza	0.83	1.26	1.35	0.020	0.021	ns
		Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans	0.24	0.56	0.71	ns	0.036	ns
		Roseburia faecis	0.68	1.95	3.87	0.029	0.007	0.022
	Lactobacillaceae	Limosilactobacillus fermentum	0.6	0.4	0	ns	0.001	0.005
		Lactobacillus gasseri	0.73	0.49	0.1	ns	0.045	ns
		Limosilactobacillus oris	0.49	0.5	0.03	ns	0.023	ns
		Ligilactobacillus salivarius	8.91	1.91	0.11	ns	0.041	ns
	Ruminococcaceae	Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	3.99	3.38	7.3	ns	0.007	0.001
	Streptococcaceae	Streptococcus parasanguinis	0.64	1.06	0.05	ns	0.002	0.000
		Streptococcus sobrinus	0.78	0.04	0	ns	0.043	ns
		Streptococcus vestibularis	7.56	11.89	2.62	ns	0.043	0.000
Proteobacteria	Enterobacteriaceae	Escherichia albertii	4.85	3.18	0.4	ns	0.029	0.033
		Serratia entomophila	0.52	0.38	0.05	ns	0.022	0.022

* p: p-value. ** ns: not significant (p > 0.05).