Figure 1.

Itaconate promotes succinate accumulation in diverse cell types. (a) Itaconate levels in RAW264.7 cells exposed to LPS or 2 mM exogenous itaconate (ita) for 24 h compared to control condition (Ctr). (b,c) Itaconate (b) and succinate (c) levels in cells exposed to 2 mM itaconate for 48 h. (d) Pearson correlation coefficient (r) of itaconate and succinate levels in Huh7 cells exposed to increasing itaconate concentrations for 48 h. (e) Labeling on itaconate and succinate in cell lines cultured in the presence of 2 mM [U-¹³C₅]itaconate. (f) Succinate levels in Huh7 cells exposed to 2 mM itaconate or 62.5 µM dimethyl-itaconate (DMI) for 48 h. Data are depicted as box and whiskers (b,c,e,f) or mean (d) ± s.e.m. (a) obtained from 3 cellular replicates. Students t-test (c) or one-way ANOVA (a,f) with no adjustment for multiple comparisons. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, # p < 0.0001.