Figure 3.

Itaconate influences glutamine metabolism. (a) Schematic depicting carbon incorporation into tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates from [U-¹³C₅]glutamine (blue). Open circles depict ¹²C, closed circles ¹³C carbon. (b) Labeled metabolite level (depicted as abundance times mole percent enrichment (MPE)) from [U-¹³C₅]glutamine in Huh7 cells cultured in the presence of 2 mM itaconate for 4 h. (c) ¹³C incorporation (mole percent enrichment, MPE) into metabolites from [U-¹³C₅]glutamine in Huh7 cells cultured for 48 h. (d) ¹³C incorporation into succinate from [U-¹³C₅]glutamine in diverse cell types in the presence of 0 mM or 2 mM itaconate after 48 h. Data are depicted as mean ± s.e.m. obtained from 3 cellular replicates. Students t-test with no adjustment for multiple comparisons and * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, # p < 0.0001.