Table 1.
Electrochemical sensors for in vivo neurochemical measurement.
| Electrode Material | Method | Analyte | LOD | Selectivity Strategy | Stability | In Vivo Study | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GC/Co-SAC/Nafion | CA | Glucose | N/A | Exclusive layer + low potential | Acute use | Microdialysate from insulin injected rat striatum | [124] |
| PtIr/oPD/Chit-GluOx/AAOx/BSA | CA | Glu | 44 nM | Exclusive layer + AAOx | 7 days, 95% in fridge | Electrically evoked Glu in subthalamic nucleus of anesthetized rat | [116] |
| Au/Poly-DA/AuNP/MPA | CA | DA | 50 nM | Exclusive layer | 1 h, 100% in vitro | K+ evoked DA in striatum of rat | [38] |
| CFM/PTA-PANI | CA | DA | N/A | N/A | Acute use | Electrically evoked DA in medial forebrain bundle of rat | [166] |
| CFM/Nafion/oPD | CA | NO | 6 nM | Distinct peaks | Acute use | NO release following NMDA stimulus in hippocampus of rat | [176] |
| CFM/CNT/Nafion | CA | AA | 0.7 µM | Exclusive layer + low potential | Acute use | Basal AA in hippocampus of rat | [117] |
| Pt/GluOx-(GABase)/mPD | CA | GABA, Glu | 0.2, 0.05 µM | Exclusive layer + self-referencing | Acute use | K+ and GABA transaminase inhibitor evoked GABA, Glu release in frontal cortex of rat | [143] |
| Pt/mPD/ChOx/(ACHE) | CA | Ach, Ch | 0.18 µM | Exclusive layer + self-referencing | Acute use | K+ evoked Ch, Ach in striatum of rat | [120] |
| BDD | FSCV | Adenosine, DA | N/A | Distinct peaks | 3 days, 93.3% in vitro | Mechanically evoked adenosine release in thalamus | [54] |
| CNTYM | FSCV | DA | 13 ± 2 nM | Distinct peaks | 4 h, 100% | Electrically evoked DA in caudate putamen of rat | [177] |
| CFM-PEDOT-PC | FSCV | DA | N/A | Distinct peaks | Acute use | Electrically evoked DA in medial forebrain bundle of rat | [161] |
| µIP-CFM | FSCV | DA | 5.7 nM | Distinct peaks | >1 yr | Electrically evoked DA in medial forebrain bundle of rat | [170] |
| CFM/Nafion | FSCV | DA | N/A | Distinct peaks | 2 h | Electrically evoked DA in striatum of rat | [24] |
| CFM | FSCV | H2O2, DA | N/A | Distinct peaks | Acute use | DA dynamics under modulation in striatum of rat | [53] |
| CFM/Chit | DPV | 5-HT | 1.6 nM | Exclusive layer + Distinct peaks | Acute use | Basal 5-HT in intestine of zebrafish | [178] |
| CFM/GR-FeTSPc | DPV | 5-HT, DA | 50, 20 nM | Distinct peaks | Acute use | Basal DA and 5-HT change in striatum of mouse | [45] |
| Tungsten/BDD | DPV | DA | 50 nM | Distinct peaks | Acute use | Nomifensine induced DA in medial forebrain bundle of rat | [40] |
| CFM/PEDOT-CNT | SWV | DA | 2.03 ± 0.09 nM | Exclusive layer + Distinct peaks | Acute use | Tonic and nomifensine induced DA in striatum of rat | [25] |
| Pt/rGO-AuNCs/adenosine aptamer/MB | SWV | Cocaine | NA | Aptamer sequence | 3 h | Infused and IV injected cocaine in striatum of rat | [95] |
Abbreviations: GC: glassy carbon; Co-SAC: Co single-atom catalyst; PtIr: platinum iridium; oPD: ortho-phenylenediamine; GluOx: glutamate oxidase; Chit: chitosan; AAOx: ascorbate oxidase; BSA: bovine serum albumin; Au NP: gold nanoparticle; MPA: 3-mercaptopropionic acid; PTA: polytannic acid; PANI: polyaniline; ChOx: choline oxidase; ACHE: acetylcholinesterase; BDD: boron-doped diamond; CNTYM: carbon nanotube yarn microelectrode; PEDOT: poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); PC: phosphorylcholine; µIP-CFM: micro-invasive probe of carbon fiber microelectrode; (GR-FeTSPc): graphene-iron-tetrasulfophthalocyanine; CNT: carbon nanotube; rGO: reduced graphene oxide; AuNCs: gold nanocluster; MB: methylene blue.