Table 2.
Optical sensors for in vivo neurochemical measurements.
| Sensor Material | Method | Analyte | LOD | Selectivity Strategy |
Stability | In Vivo Study | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peroxalate TCPO+ PFPV + dye | CL | H2O2 | 5 nM | Affinity binding (chemical reaction) |
Acute use | Intracerebral LPS induced neuroinflammation | [191] |
| Peroxyoxalate CPPO + dye | CL | H2O2 | 1 nM | Affinity binding (chemical reaction) |
Acute use | LPS induced inflammation in ankle of tumor mice | [192] |
| GFP + Ach receptor | FL | Ach | 100 nM | Affinity binding (conformational change) |
4 h | Odor stim to Drosophila antenna lobe; Visual stim to mice cortex | [193] |
| NGQDs + CoOOH | FL | AA | 1.85 µM | Affinity binding (redox reaction) |
Acute use | Microdialysate from rat brain | [186] |
| E. coli GltI + GFP | FL | Glu | NA | Affinity binding (conformational change) |
Acute use | Neuronal process in C. elegans. Behavior related transient Glu in mice |
[194] |
| PFBT+PBA | FL | DA | 38.8 nM | Affinity binding (boronic acid-diol recognition) |
Acute use | Injected DA into zebrafish larvae brain ventricle | [187] |
| EGFP + DA receptor | FL | DA | NA | Affinity binding (conformational change) |
Acute use | Odor and electrical stim to drosophila. Visual stim to zebrafish. Optogenetic, reward stim and sexual behavior triggered DA release in mice |
[195] |
| EGFP + α-adrenergic receptors | FL | NE | NA | Affinity binding (conformational change) |
Acute use | Looming-evoked NE release in the midbrain of live zebrafish. Optogenetically and behaviorally triggered NE release in the locus coeruleus and hypothalamus of mice |
[196] |
Abbreviations: FL: fluorescence; CL: chemiluminescence; PFPV: poly[(9,9′-dioctyl-2,7-divinylene-fluorenylene)-alt-]; TCPO: bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate; CPPO: bis[3,4,6-trichloro-2-(pentyloxycarbonyl)phenyl] oxalate; NGDQs: nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots; PFBT: (poly[9,9-di(3′-aminopropyl)-2,7-fluorenyl-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]; PBA: phenylboronic acid; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein.