Table 2.

Summary of randomized controlled trials comparing single versus tandem ASCT in myeloma.

Study	First ASCT	Second ASCT	Maintenance	PFS	OS	Salvage ASCT at Relapse
EMN/H095 [56]	MEL100	None vs. Mel100	Len in both arms until progression	3-yr PFS: 73% (tandem) vs.60% single p = 0.03	3-yr OS: 89% (tandem) vs. 85% (single)	NR
IFM94 [58]	MEL140 + TBI (single ASCT arm) vs. MEL140 (tandem arm)	None vs. Mel 140 + TBI	Interferon α	Median PFS: 25 mo (single) vs. 30 mo (tandem) p = 0.03	Median OS: 48 mo(single) vs. 58 mo (tandem) p = 0.01	22% (single arm) vs. 28% (tandem arm)
BOLOGNA 96 [61]	MEL200	None vs. Mel120 + busulfan	Interferon α	Median PFS: 23 mo (single) vs. 25 mo (tandem) p = 0.001	7-yr OS: 46% (single) vs. 43% (tandem) p = 0.9	33% (single) vs. 10% (tandem)
GMMG HD2 [62]	MEL200	None vs. Mel200 in tandem arm	Interferon α	Median PFS: 25 mo (single) vs. 28.7 mo (tandem) p = 0.53	Median OS: 73 mo (single) vs. 75.3 mo (tandem) p = 0.33	26% (single) vs. 10% (tandem)
BMT CTN 0702 [63]	MEL200	None vs. VRd × 4 vs. tandem with MEL 200	Len until progression in all 3 arms	38-mo PFS: 58.5%-tandem 57.8%-single ASCT→VRd consolidation 53.9%-single ASCT	OS: Tandem—81.8% Single ASCT followed by VRd consolidation—85.4% Single ASCT—83.7%	NR