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. 2021 Feb 17;10(2):308. doi: 10.3390/antiox10020308

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Molecular mechanisms of adipocyte browning. When stimulated by the catecholamines released from terminal neurons, β3-AR triggers the activation of signal transductions related to lipid catabolism and the browning of adipocytes. β3-AR, β3-adrenergic receptors; AC, adenylyl cyclase; PKA, protein kinase A; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; NADH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; Sirt1, sirtuin 1; SREBP-1c, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c; ACC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase; FAS, fatty acid synthase; SCD1, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1; HSL, hormone-sensitive lipase; C/EBP, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PRDM16, PR/SET domain 16; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1-alpha; NRF1, nuclear respiratory factor 1-encoding gene; TFAM, mitochondrial transcription factor A; UCP1, uncoupling protein 1; CPT1, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1; ACO, acyl-CoA oxidase.