Table 3.
Clinical status of immunotherapies in GBM within the last 5 years (since 2015).
| Immunotherapies | Drug Name | In Combination | Condition | Phase | N | NCT (Accessed on) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-PD-1 | Spartalizumab | MBG453 | Recurrent GBM | I | 15 | NCT03961971 (11/09/2020) |
| BLZ945 | Advanced/metastatic/recurrent IDH wild-type GBM | I/II | 200 | NCT02829723 (11/09/2020) | ||
| INCMGA00012 | INCAGN01876, stereotactic radiosurgery | Recurrent GBM | II | 32 | NCT04225039 (11/09/2020) | |
| Bevacizumab, radiation | Recurrent GBM | II | 55 | NCT03532295 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Nivolumab | BMS-986016 | Recurrent GBM | I | 63 | NCT02658981 (11/09/2020) | |
| Dendritic vaccine | GBM | I | 6 | NCT02529072 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Bevacizumab | Recurrent GBM | II | 90 | NCT03452579 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Ipilimumab, Radiation | Newly Diagnosed, MGMT Unmethylated Glioblastoma | II | 24 | NCT03367715 (11/09/2020) | ||
| TMZ | Newly Diagnosed Elderly Patients With GBM | II | 102 | NCT04195139 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Ipilimumab, NovoTTF200A (Optune) | Recurrent GBM | II | 60 | NCT03430791 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Ad-RTS-hIL-12, Veledimex | Recurrent or Progressive GBM | I | 21 | NCT03636477 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Ipilimumab | Recurrent GBM | I | 6 | NCT03233152 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Ipilimumab, TMZ | Newly Diagnosed GBM | I | 32 | NCT02311920 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Bevacizumab, Re-irradiation | Recurrent MGMT Methylated GBM | II | 94 | NCT03743662 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Ipilimumab | Recurrent GBM with elevated mutational | II | 37 | NCT04145115 (11/09/2020) | ||
| BMS-986205, TMZ, Radiation | Newly diagnosed GBM | I | 30 | NCT04047706 (11/09/2020) | ||
| IL13Ralpha2-CRT T cells, Ipilimumab | Recurrent GBM | I | 60 | NCT04003649 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Ipilimumab | Newly Diagnosed, MGMT Unmethylated GBM | II/III | 485 | NCT04396860 (11/09/2020) | ||
| TMZ, radiation | Newly Diagnosed, MGMT Methylated GBM | III | 693 | NCT02667587 (11/09/2020) | ||
| TMZ | Newly Diagnosed, MGMT Unmethylated GBM | III | 550 | NCT02617589 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Bevacizumab | Recurrent GBM | II | 40 | NCT03890952 (11/09/2020) | ||
| NeoVax, Ipilimumab | Newly Diagnosed, MGMT Unmethylated GBM | I | 3 | NCT03422094 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Therapeutic vaccine EO2401 | Progressive Glioblastoma | Ib/IIa | 32 | NCT04116658 (11/09/2020) | ||
| N/A | IDH-Mutant GBM with and without hypermutator phenotype | II | 95 | NCT03718767 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Ipilimumab | Recurrent GBM | I | 45 | NCT04323046 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Pembrolizumab | SurVaxM, Sargramostim, Montanide ISA51 | Recurrent GBM | II | 51 | NCT04013672 (11/09/2020) | |
| Radiation, TMZ, NeoAntigen vaccine | MGMT Unmethylated, Newly Diagnosed GBM | I | 56 | NCT02287428 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Bevacizumab, radiation |
Recurrent GBM | II | 60 | NCT03661723 (11/09/2020) | ||
| HSPPC-96, TMZ | Newly Diagnosed GBM | II | 108 | NCT03018288 (11/09/2020) | ||
| N/A | Newly Diagnosed GBM | II | 56 | NCT03899857 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Laser Interstitial Thermotherapy | Recurrent GBM | I/II | 34 | NCT03277638 (11/09/2020) | ||
| TTF | Newly Diagnosed GBM | II | 29 | NCT03405792 (11/09/2020) | ||
| TTAC-0001 | Recurrent GBM | I | 9 | NCT03722342 (11/09/2020) | ||
| EGFRvIII-CAR T Cells | Newly diagnosed, MGMT unmethylated GBM | I | 7 | NCT03726515 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Vorinostat, TMZ, radiation | Newly Diagnosed GBM | I | 32 | NCT03426891 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Ferumoxytol | Newly Diagnosed GBM | II | 45 | NCT03347617 (11/09/2020) | ||
| IMA950/Poly-ICLC | Recurrent GBM | I/II | 24 | NCT03665545 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Dendritic Cell Tumor Cell Lysate Vaccine | Recurrent or progressive GBM | I | 40 | NCT04201873 (11/09/2020) | ||
| N/A | Recurrent GBM | II | 20 | NCT02337686 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Oncolytic Polio/Rhinovirus Recombinant (PVSRIPO) | Recurrent GBM | I | 10 | NCT04479241 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Radiation, TMZ | Newly Diagnosed GBM | II | 90 | NCT03197506 (11/09/2020) | ||
| N/A | Recurrent or progressive GBM | I | 35 | NCT02852655 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Adenovirus (DNX-2401) | Recurrent GBM | II | 49 | NCT02798406 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Lenvatinib | GBM | II | 600 | NCT03797326 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, aldesleukin, TIL | Progressive GBM | II | 332 | NCT01174121 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, aldesleukin, TCR | GBM | II | 270 | NCT03412877 (11/09/2020) | ||
| MRI-guided Laser Ablation | Recurrent GBM | I/II | 58 | NCT02311582 (11/09/2020) | ||
| N/A | Recurrent GBM With a Hypermutator Phenotype | Pilot | 44 | NCT02658279 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Radiation, Bevacizumab | Recurrent GBM | I | 32 | NCT02313272 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Radiation, TMZ | GBM | I/II | 50 | NCT02530502 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Cemiplimab | Ad-RTS-hIL-12, Veledimex | Recurrent or progressive GBM | II | 36 | NCT04006119 (11/09/2020) | |
| INO-5401 and INO-9012 | Newly Diagnosed GBM | I/II | 52 | NCT03491683 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Anti-PD-L1 | Atezolizumab | Radiation, TMZ | Newly Diagnosed GBM | I/II | 80 | NCT03174197 (11/09/2020) |
| Ipatasertib | GBM | I/II | 51 | NCT03673787 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Radiation | MGMT unmethylated GBM | I/II | 350 | NCT03158389 (11/09/2020) | ||
| D2C7-IT | Recurrent GBM | I | 18 | NCT04160494 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Avelumab | MRI-guided LITT therapy | Recurrent GBM | I | 30 | NCT03341806 (11/09/2020) | |
| Hypofractionated radiation therapy | IDH mutant GBM | II | 43 | NCT02968940 (11/09/2020) | ||
| VXM01 | Progressive GBM | I/II | 30 | NCT03750071 (11/09/2020) | ||
| TMZ | Newly Diagnosed GBM | II | 30 | NCT03047473 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Axitinib | Recurrent GBM | II | 52 | NCT03291314 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Durvalumab | Bevacizumab, radiation | GBM | II | 159 | NCT02336165 (11/09/2020) | |
| Hypofractionated stereotactic radiation therapy | Recurrent GBM | I/II | 112 | NCT02866747 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Tremelimumab | Recurrent GBM | II | 36 | NCT02794883 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Anti-CLTA4 | Tremelimumab | Durvalumab | Recurrent GBM | II | 36 | NCT02794883 (11/09/2020) |
| Ipilimumab | Nivolumab, Radiation | Newly Diagnosed, MGMT Unmethylated Glioblastoma | II | 24 | NCT03367715 (11/09/2020) | |
| Nivolumab, NovoTTF200A (Optune) | Recurrent GBM | II | 60 | NCT03430791 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Nivolumab | Recurrent GBM | I | 6 | NCT03233152 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Nivolumab | Recurrent GBM with elevated mutational | II | 37 | NCT04145115 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Nivolumab, TMZ | Newly Diagnosed GBM | I | 32 | NCT02311920 (11/09/2020) | ||
| IL13Ralpha2-CRT T cells, Nivolumab | Recurrent GBM | I | 60 | NCT04003649 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Nivolumab | Newly Diagnosed, MGMT Unmethylated GBM | II/III | 485 | NCT04396860 (11/09/2020) | ||
| NeoVax, Nivolumab | Newly Diagnosed, MGMT Unmethylated GBM | I | 3 | NCT03422094 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Nivolumab | Recurrent GBM | I | 45 | NCT04323046 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Anti-IDO1 | BMS-986205 (Linrodostat) | Nivolumab, TMZ, Radiation | Newly diagnosed GBM | I | 30 | NCT04047706 (11/09/2020) |
| Indoximod | TMZ, radiation, cyclophosphamide, etoposide | Newly diagnosed GBM | I | 81 | NCT02502708 (11/09/2020) | |
| TMZ, bevacizumab, stereotactic radiation | GBM | I/II | 160 | NCT02052648 (11/09/2020) | ||
| TMZ, radiation, cyclophosphamide, etoposide, lomustine | Progressive GBM | II | 140 | NCT04049669 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Oncolytic viruses | TG6002 | 5-flucytosine | Recurrent GBM | I/II | 78 | NCT03294486 (11/09/2020) |
| DNX-2440 | N/A | Recurrent GBM | I | 24 | NCT03714334 (11/09/2020) | |
| DNX-2401 | IFNg | Recurrent GBM | I | 37 | NCT02197169 (11/09/2020) | |
| Pembrolizumab | Recurrent GBM | II | 49 | NCT02798406 (11/09/2020) | ||
| TMZ | Recurrent GBM | I | 31 | NCT01956734 (11/09/2020) | ||
| N/A | Recurrent GBM | I | 36 | NCT03896568 (11/09/2020) | ||
| C134 | N/A | Recurrent GBM | I | 24 | NCT03657576 (11/09/2020) | |
| M032 | N/A | Recurrent GBM | I | 36 | NCT02062827 (11/09/2020) | |
| G207 | Radiation | Recurrent GBM | II | 30 | NCT04482933 (11/09/2020) | |
| N/A | Recurrent GBM | I | 15 | NCT03911388 (11/09/2020) | ||
| N/A | Recurrent or progressive GBM | I | 12 | NCT02457845 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Therapeutic vaccines | Percellvac | N/A | Newly diagnosed GBM | I | 10 | NCT02709616 (11/09/2020) |
| Percellvac2 | N/A | Newly diagnosed GBM | I | 10 | NCT02808364 (11/09/2020) | |
| GNOS-PV01 | Plasmid encoded IL-12 | Newly diagnosed, unmethylated GBM | I | 6 | NCT04015700 (11/09/2020) | |
| VBI-1901 | N/A | Recurrent GBM | I/II | 38 | NCT03382977 (11/09/2020) | |
| MTA-based Personalized Vaccine | TTF, Poly-ICLC | Newly diagnosed GBM | I | 20 | NCT03223103 (11/09/2020) | |
| Autologous DCV | TMZ | GBM | II | 28 | NCT04523688 (11/09/2020) | |
| UCPVax | N/A | GBM | I/II | 28 | NCT04280848 (11/09/2020) | |
| NeoAntigen vaccine | Radiation, TMZ, Pembrolizumab | MGMT Unmethylated, Newly Diagnosed GBM | I | 56 | NCT02287428 (11/09/2020) | |
| Dendritic Cell Tumor Cell Lysate Vaccine | Pembrolizumab, Poly ICLC | Recurrent or progressive GBM | I | 40 | NCT04201873 (11/09/2020) | |
| TMZ, radiation, bevacizumab | Newly diagnosed or recurrent GBM | I | 39 | NCT02010606 (11/09/2020) | ||
| NeoVax | Nivolumab, Ipilimumab | Newly Diagnosed, MGMT Unmethylated GBM | I | 3 | NCT03422094 (11/09/2020) | |
| DC/tumor cell fusion vaccine | IL-12, TMZ | Newly diagnosed GBM | I/II | 10 | NCT04388033 (11/09/2020) | |
| Malignant Glioma Tumor Lysate-Pulsed Autologous DCV | N/A | Recurrent GBM | I | 20 | NCT03360708 (11/09/2020) | |
| TMZ | Newly diagnosed GBM | I | 21 | NCT01957956 (11/09/2020) | ||
| 0.2% resiquimod, polyICLC | GBM | 2 | 60 | NCT01204684 (11/09/2020) | ||
| Autologous, tumor lysate-loaded, mature DCs | TMZ, radiation | Newly diagnosed GBM | II | 136 | NCT03395587 (11/09/2020) | |
| Autologous DCV | TMZ, radiation | Newly diagnosed GBM | I/II | 20 | NCT02649582 (11/09/2020) | |
| Autologous DCs loaded with autogeneic glioma stem-like cells (A2B5+) | Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. | GBM | II | 100 | NCT01567202 (11/09/2020) | |
| EO2401 | N/A | Progressive or first recurrent GBM | I/II | 32 | NCT04116658 (11/09/2020) | |
| SurVaxM | TMZ, Montanide ISA 51 VG, Sargramostim | Newly diagnosed GBM | II | 64 | NCT02455557 (11/09/2020) | |
| CMV RNA-Pulsed Dendritic Cells | Tetanus-Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccine | Newly diagnosed GBM | II | 120 | NCT02465268 (11/09/2020) | |
| Tetanus-Diphtheria Toxoid Vaccine | Recurrent GBM | I | 11 | NCT03615404 (11/09/2020) | ||
| HSPPC-96 | Pembrolizumab, TMZ | Newly diagnosed GBM | II | 108 | NCT03018288 (11/09/2020) | |
| Autologous DCV | metronomic cyclophosphamide | Recurrent GBM | I/II | 25 | NCT03879512 (11/09/2020) | |
| CMV-specific dendritic cell vaccine | TMZ, Tetanus-Diphtheria Toxoid, GM-CSF | Newly diagnosed Unmethylated GBM | II | 48 | NCT03927222 (11/09/2020) | |
| DEN-STEM | TMZ | IDH wild-type, MGMT methylated GBM | II/III | 60 | NCT03548571 (11/09/2020) | |
| ADCV01 | N/A | GBM | II | 24 | NCT04115761 (11/09/2020) | |
| VXM01 | Avelumab | Progressive GBM | I/II | 30 | NCT03750071 (11/09/2020) | |
| IMA950 | Pembrolizumab/Poly-ICLC | Recurrent GBM | I/II | 24 | NCT03665545 (11/09/2020) | |
| ADCTA-SSI-G1 | Bevacizumab | Recurrent GBM | III | 118 | NCT04277221 (11/09/2020) | |
| AV-GBM-1 | N/A | Newly diagnosed GBM | II | 55 | NCT03400917 (11/09/2020) | |
| Human CMV pp65-LAMP mRNA-pulsed autologous DCs | Variliumab | Newly diagnosed GBM | II | 112 | NCT03688178 (11/09/2020) | |
| Adoptive cell therapy | PD1-TIL | N/A | GBM | I | 40 | NCT03347097 (11/09/2020) |
| TIL | Cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, aldesleukin, pembrolizumab | Progressive GBM | II | 332 | NCT01174121 (11/09/2020) | |
| Autologous T-Cells Express TCRs Reactive Against Mutated Neoantigens | Cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, aldesleukin, pembrolizumab | GBM | II | 270 | NCT03412877 (11/09/2020) | |
| EGFRvIII CAR-T | Pembrolizumab | Newly diagnosed, MGMT unmethylated GBM | I | 7 | NCT03726515 (11/09/2020) | |
| B7-H3 CAR-T | TMZ | Recurrent GBM | I | 12 | NCT04385173 (11/09/2020) | |
| CD147 CAR-T | N/A | Recurrent GBM | I | 31 | NCT04045847 (11/09/2020) | |
| Chlorotoxin (EQ)-CD28-CD3zeta-CD19t-expressing CAR-T | N/A | Recurrent GBM | I | 36 | NCT04214392 (11/09/2020) | |
| IL13Ralpha2 CAR-T | Nivolumab, Ipilimumab | Recurrent GBM | I | 60 | NCT04003649 (11/09/2020) | |
| NKG2D-based CAR-T | N/A | Recurrent GBM | I | 10 | NCT04270461 (11/09/2020) | |
| IL13Ralpha2-specific hinge-optimized 41BB-co-stimulatory CAR Truncated CD19-expressing Autologous T-Lymphocytes | N/A | Recurrent GBM | I | 92 | NCT02208362 (11/09/2020) | |
| Macrophage based therapy | BLZ945 | Spartalizumab | Advanced/metastatic/recurrent IDH wild-type GBM | I/II | 200 | NCT02829723 (11/09/2020) |
| APX005M | N/A | GBM | I | 45 | NCT03389802 (11/09/2020) | |
| NK cell therapy | NK-92/5.28.z Cells |
N/A | Recurrent HER2-positive GBM | I | 30 | NCT03383978 (11/09/2020) |
N—Number of participants, NCT—National Clinical Trial, MRI—Magnetic resonance imaging, IDH—Isocitrate dehydrogenase, N/A—not applicant, PD-1—program death 1, PD-L1—program death ligand 1, IDO-1—Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, TTF—NovoTTF-100A System or Optune, EGFR—epidermal growth factor receptor, TIL—tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, CAR-T- Chimeric antigen receptor T cells, NK- Natural killer cells.