Figure 1.

Schematic representation of the Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases (ETEP) research group’s static, in vitro multi-species biofilm model [62]. The selected species represent initial (Streptococcus oralis and Actinomyces naeslundii), early (Veillonella parvula), secondary (Fusobacterium nucleatum) and late colonizers (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans). Bacterial concentration is expressed as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL).