Skip to main content
. 2021 Jan 20;11(2):263. doi: 10.3390/nano11020263

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Mechanisms of zinc oxide (ZnO) materials used in antimicrobial applications: Particular interactions of (a) metal ion release, (b) adsorption, and (c) reactive oxygen species generation based on their physicochemical properties; and following intracellular responses of (d) energy metabolism inhibition, (e) lipid peroxidation and membrane damage, and (f) DNA replication disruption and DNA break.