Table 3.
Details of the evaluation of biomarkers potentially utilizable in Parkinson’s disease (PD).
| Biomarker | Study Participants | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| DJ-1 (CSF) | PD patients (n = 43) and MSA patients (n = 23), and non-neurological control (n = 30) | CSF DJ-1 levels to distinguish MSA from PD | [107] |
| DJ-1 and α-Syn (blood and recently determined CSF levels) | PD patients (n = 126) and normal controls (n = 122) | Despite accessibility in CSF, DJ-1 and α-Syn are not applicable as useful plasma biomarkers for PD diagnosis | [106] |
| Advanced oxidized protein products (CSF, serum) | PD patients (n = 60) and control subjects (n = 45) | Higher advanced oxidized protein products (which originate as a result of the activity of free radicals) in PD patients vs negative controls | [108] |
| Biopyrin (urine) | PD patients (n = 234) and controls (n = 65) | Increased biopyrin (oxidative product of bilirubin) in idiopathic PD patients | [109] |
| ROS, SOD (blood) | Increased level of mitochondrial ROS in monocytes and reduced level of antioxidant SOD in blood | [110] | |
| Oxidative stress markers (blood) | PD patients (n = 45), elderly subjetcs (n = 34), and adult healthy subjects (n = 20) | Decreased glutathione peroxidase activity, increased oxidized glutathione and malondialdehyde contents | [111] |
| Uric acid (blood) | Early PD patients (n = 42) | Lower levels of serum uric acid associated with later occurrence of mild cognitive impairments | [112] |
Abbreviations: CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; PD, Parkinson’s disease; MSA, multiple system atrophy patients; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; α-Syn, α-synuclein.