Table 1.
Cognitive function with socio-demographic and chewing ability.
| Cognitive Impairment | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MMSE-DS Score | Yes (n = 210) | No (n = 353) | ||||
| N (%) | Mean ± SD | p-Value | N (%) | N (%) | p-Value | |
| Age | <0.001 * | <0.001 ** | ||||
| <80 | 277 (49.2) | 25.44 ± 3.17 | 69 (32.9) | 208 (58.9) | ||
| ≥80 | 286 (50.8) | 23.41 ± 4.08 | 141 (67.1) | 145 (41.1) | ||
| Gender | <0.001 * | <0.001 ** | ||||
| Male | 145 (25.8) | 25.76 ± 3.17 | 31 (14.8) | 114 (32.3) | ||
| Female | 418 (74.2) | 23.94 ± 3.89 | 179 (85.2) | 239 (67.7) | ||
| Education | <0.001 * | <0.001 ** | ||||
| ≤Elementary | 467 (82.9) | 23.97 ± 3.86 | 196 (93.3) | 271 (76.8) | ||
| >Elementary | 96 (17.1) | 26.51 ± 2.63 | 14 (6.7) | 82 (23.2) | ||
| Living arrangement | <0.001 * | <0.001 ** | ||||
| Alone | 212 (37.7) | 22.87 ± 4.50 | 98 (46.7) | 114 (32.3) | ||
| With spouse | 89 (15.8) | 23.80 ± 3.85 | 50 (23.8) | 39 (11.1) | ||
| With family | 262 (46.5) | 25.42 ± 3.80 | 62 (29.5) | 200 (56.6) | ||
| Denture status | 0.002 * | 0.006 ** | ||||
| Need denture | 143 (25.4) | 23.80 ± 3.93 | 60 (28.6) | 83 (23.5) | ||
| Denture wearer | 168 (29.8) | 24.05 ± 4.07 | 74 (35.2) | 94 (26.6) | ||
| Natural teeth | 252 (44.8) | 25.02 ± 3.46 | 76 (36.2) | 176 (49.9) | ||
| Number of remaining teeth | <0.001 * | 0.002 ** | ||||
| 0 ** | 76 (13.5) | 24.11 ± 3.77 | 30 (14.3) | 46 (13.0) | ||
| 1–9 | 125 (22.2) | 23.40 ± 4.16 | 59 (28.1) | 66 (18.7) | ||
| 10–19 | 118 (21.0) | 24.24 ± 4.05 | 51 (24.3) | 67 (19.0) | ||
| ≥20 | 244 (43.3) | 25.10 ± 3.35 | 70 (33.3) | 174 (49.3) | ||
| Color-changeable gum | 0.001 * | 0.003 ** | ||||
| Poor (1–3) | 95 (16.9) | 23.20 ± 3.69 | 48 (22.9) | 47 (13.3) | ||
| Good (4–5) | 468 (83.1) | 24.65 ± 3.78 | 162 (77.1) | 306 (86.7) | ||
| Occlusion balance I | 0.962 | 0.331 | ||||
| Unilateral | 288 (51.2) | 24.40 ± 3.90 | 113 (53.8) | 175 (49.6) | ||
| Bilateral | 275 (48.8) | 24.41 ± 3.70 | 97 (46.2) | 178 (50.4) | ||
| Occlusion balance II | <0.001 * | 0.007 ** | ||||
| Anterior | 343 (60.9) | 23.96 ± 3.94 | 143 (68.1) | 200 (56.7) | ||
| Posterior | 220 (39.1) | 25.10 ± 3.47 | 67 (31.9) | 153 (43.3) | ||
Occlusion balance I: Bilateral balanced occlusion. Occlusion balance II: Anterior and posterior balanced occlusion. * p < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA or t-test. ** p < 0.05 by χ2-test.