Figure 5.

State diagram of sucrose showing physical state and its dependence on temperature and water content. Viscosity data from Longinotti and Corti [28] are shown by closed symbols. The Williams–Landel–Ferry (WLF) relationship [29] was used to estimate structural relaxation times, τ, and viscosity, η, above the calorimetric onset glass transition with corresponding τ_g = 100 s and η_g = 10¹² Pa s [30]. Parallel curves indicating structural relaxation times with corresponding isoviscous states are shown for various T–T_g conditions. The effect glass transition of the maximally freeze-concentrated solution, T_g′, and ice melting above the T_g′ corresponding ice melting temperature, T_m′, is shown in the inset diagram.