. 2021 Feb 19;13(2):674. doi: 10.3390/nu13020674

Table 2.

Anthropometric, biochemical and exercise test parameters of participants according to sex and weight status (mean ± SD).

Characteristics	Normoweight			Overweight			Obese			p-Value between Weight Status Tiers
Characteristics	Boys (n = 9)	Girls (n = 12)	Total (n = 21)	Boys (n = 9)	Girls (n = 13)	Total (n = 22)	Boys (n = 24)	Girls (n = 17)	Total (n = 41)	p-Value between Weight Status Tiers
Age (years)	12.3 ± 2.2	11.9 ± 1.7	12.0 ± 1.9	12.0 ± 1.8	10.9 ± 2.1	11.4 ± 2.0	11.3 ± 2.3	11.1 ± 1.9	11.2 ± 2.1	NS
Prepubertal/pubertal (n)	4/5	1/11	5/16	2/7	3/10	5/17	13/11	3/14	16/25	NS
Body weight (kg)	45.2 ± 13.9	41.2 ± 11.6 ^‡	42.8 ± 12.3 ^‡‡‡	57.7 ± 13.3	55.9 ± 9.9 *	56.6 ± 11.2 ^‡‡*	71.2 ± 24.3 *	69.9 ± 14.0 ***	70.6 ± 20.5	<0.001
Height (m)	1.53 ± 0.16	1.48 ± 0.13	1.50 ± 0.14	1.55 ± 0.17	1.49 ± 0.1	1.52 ± 0.13	1.5 ± 0.12	1.5 ± 0.1	1.51 ± 0.11	ΝS
BMI (kg/m²)	18.8 ± 2.4 ^‡‡‡	18.3 ± 2.6 ^‡‡‡	18.5 ± 2.5 ^‡‡‡	23.7 ± 1.0 **	24.9 ± 1.7 ***	24.4 ± 1.6 ^‡‡‡***	30.0 ± 3.2 ***	29.6 ± 3.3 ***	29.8 ± 3.22	<0.001
BMIz	0.4 ± 0.62 ^‡‡‡	0.03 ± 1.02 ^‡	0.18 ± 0.88 ^‡‡‡	2.03 ± 0.48 ***	2.24 ± 0.4 ***	2.15 ± 0.43 ^‡‡‡***	3.57 ± 0.77 ***	2.98 ± 0.56 ***	3.33 ± 0.74	<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)	64 ± 9.7 ^‡	64.4 ± 8.1 ^‡	64.2 ± 8.6 ^‡‡‡	84.6 ± 4.7 *	86.6 ± 9.3 ***	85.8 ± 7.7 ^‡‡‡***	100.3 ± 17.7 ***	100.4 ± 12.4 ***	100.33 ± 15.53	<0.001
Hips circumference (cm)	78.1 ± 10.3	81.0 ± 9.3 ^‡	79.7 ± 9.6 ^‡‡‡	91.3 ± 8.5	94.3 ± 8.9 **	93.1 ± 8.6 ^‡‡‡ **	101.3 ± 13.9 ***	103.1 ± 7.8 ***	102.05 ± 11.67	<0.001
Waist/hips ratio	0.82 ± 0.02	0.8 ± 0.05	0.81 ± 0.04 ^‡‡‡	0.93 ± 0.06 **	0.92 ± 0.04 ***	0.92 ± 0.05 ^‡‡‡**	0.99 ± 0.08 ***	0.97 ± 0.08 ***	0.98 ± 0.08	<0.001
hs-CRP (mg/dL)	0.13 ± 0.09	0.14 ± 0.09	0.13 ± 0.09	0.23 ± 0.16	0.28 ± 0.27	0.26 ± 0.23	0.78 ± 1.32	0.39 ± 0.33	0.62 ± 1.04	0.040
Glucose (mg/dL)	75.7 ± 7.0	82.4 ± 6.4	79.5 ± 7.3 ^‡‡‡	84.2 ± 7.5	84.3 ± 8.1	84.3 ± 7.6	88.5 ± 7.8 ***	87.5 ± 6.0	88.1 ± 7.03	<0.001
Insulin (μUI/mL)	2.6 ± 1.5	3.1 ± 2.4	2.9 ± 2.1 ^‡‡‡	5.6 ± 4.8	7.4 ± 5.1	6.6 ± 4.9	13.5 ± 17.1	12.4 ± 8.0 ***	13.07 ± 13.93	0.001
TG/HDL	0.9 ± 0.5	1.3 ± 0.5	1.1 ± 0.5 ^‡‡	1.8 ± 1.1	2.1 ± 1.3	1.9 ± 1.2	2.0 ± 1.3 *	2.3 ± 1.4	2.13 ± 1.31	0.006
HOMA-IR	0.5 ± 0.3	0.6 ± 0.5	0.6 ± 0.4 ^‡‡	1.2 ± 1.2	1.6 ± 1.2	1.4 ± 1.2	3.1 ± 4.2	2.7 ± 1.7 ***	2.92 ± 3.34	0.001
VO_2max (mL/kg/min)	48.3 ± 6.9 ^‡	46.4 ± 7.6	48.7 ± 6.2 ^‡‡‡	38.1 ± 6.7 **	33.6 ± 5.0 ***	35.7 ± 6.0 ***^‡‡‡	31.5 ± 5.9 ***	28.4 ± 5.3 ***	30.38 ± 5.95	<0.001
VO_2max (%)	95.7 ± 8.2 ^‡	107.5 ± 15.4	102.9 ± 14.1 ^‡‡‡	74.1 ± 14.0 **	74.9 ± 11.1 ***	75.1 ± 12.1 ***^‡‡‡	58.5 ± 11.1 ***	65 ± 11.8 ***	61.32 ± 11.74	<0.001
Leptin (ng/mL)	4.0 ± 3.2 ^‡	6.5 ± 3.5	5.5 ± 3.5 ^‡‡‡	21.9 ± 12.7 *	30 ± 9.3 ***	25.5 ± 11.8 ***^‡‡‡	37.1 ± 16.0 ***	42.5 ± 20.7 ***	39.65 ± 18.98	<0.001
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	15.8 ± 6.5	14.9 ± 6.8	15.3 ± 6.5	14.5 ± 5.2	14.9 ± 9.2	14.7 ± 7.5	13.1 ± 5.7	10.5 ± 3.9	12.06 ± 5.15	NS
Fibrinogen (mg/dL)	235.6 ± 68.8	253.5 ± 69.3	245.0 ± 67.8 ^‡‡‡	324.2 ± 61.7 *	302.4 ± 87.9	311.0 ± 77.4 *^‡‡	373.4 ± 61.2 ***	384.4 ± 99.5 ***	378.0 ± 78.4	0.001

BMI: body mass index; BMIz: BMI z-score [30,31]; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; NS: not significant; SD: standard deviation; TG: triglycerides; VO_2max: maximal aerobic capacity; ^‡ Statistically different compared to the children of the same sex, with obesity, based on the post-hoc analyses (^‡‡‡ p ≤ 0.001, ^‡‡ p ≤ 0.01, ^‡ p < 0.05); * statistically different compared to the normoweight children of the same sex, based on post-hoc analyses (*** p ≤ 0.001, ** p ≤ 0.01, * p < 0.05).