Table 1.
Predictive biomarkers of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy in NSCLC
| Biomarkers | The predictive effect of biomarkers | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor feature | PD-L1 expression level |
15.4 months, 95%CI: 10.6–18.8 months (median OS) 53%, 95%CI: 30–75% (DCB) HR: 0.63, 95%CI: 0.47–0.86 (OS) |
[22–24] | ||
| TMB |
tTMB 29 vs. 6% (ORR) HR: 0.62, 95%CI: 0.38–1.00 (PFS) HR: 0.58, 97.5%CI: 0.41–0.81 (PFS) bTMB HR: 0.39, 95%CI: 0.18–0.84 (PFS) |
[28, 30–32] | |||
| Neoantigens |
HR: 0.23, 95%CI: 0.09–0.58 (median PFS) 92 vs. 11% (DCB) |
[34, 42] | |||
| Driver gene mutations |
KRAS OR: 1.51; 95%CI: 1.17–1.96 (ORR) TP53 HR: 0.32, 95%CI: 0.16–0.63 (PFS) EGFR 5.3 months, 95%CI: 1.3–12.4 months (median PFS) ALK 0.6 months, 95% CI: 0.2–2.1 months (PFS) MET 17%, 95%CI: 6%-36% (ORR) NFE2L2/KEAP1 22.52 months vs. 12.89 months (median OS) |
[46, 47, 51, 53, 55, 61] | |||
| miRNA |
HR: 0.45, 95%CI: 0.25–0.76 (median PFS) HR: 0.39, 95%CI: 0.15–0.68 (median OS) |
[71] | |||
| Tumor microenvironment | TIL |
HR: 0.954, 95%CI: 0.965–0.983 (DFS) HR: 0.965, 95%CI: 0.931–1.001 (OS) |
[78] | ||
| Biomarkers in peripheral blood | CAMLs |
HR: 2.5, 95%CI: 1.1–5.8 (PFS) HR: 3.5, 95%CI: 1.3–9.6 (OS) |
[109] | ||
| CTECs |
5 months, 95%CI: 3.9–6.1 months (median PFS) |
[116] | |||
| Other peripheral blood cells |
NLR HR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.26–1.65 (median PFS) HR: 2.86, 95%CI: 2.11–3.87 (median OS) |
[119] | |||
| Other | Gut microbiota |
HR: 4.2, 95%CI: 1.42–12.3 (PFS) |
[130] | ||
| Patients clinical characteristics |
Gender male: HR: 0.76, 95%CI: 0.64–0.91 female: HR: 0.44, 95%CI: 0.25–0.76 (OS) Smoking 36 vs. 26 vs. 14% (current smokers vs. former smokers vs. non-smokers) PIOS HR: 0.469, 95%CI: 0.295–0.747 (median PFS) HR: 0.539, 95%CI: 0.317–0.918 (median OS) |
[141, 142, 144] | |||
PD-L1 programmed cell death ligand 1, CI confidence interval, OS overall survival, DCB durable clinical benefit, TMB tumor mutational burden, ORR objective response rate, HR hazard ratio, PFS progression-free survival, KRAS kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homolog, OR odds ratio, TP53 tumor protein p53, EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor, ALK anaplastic lymphoma kinase, MET mesenchymal epithelial transition, KEAP1 kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, NFE2L2 nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2, TIL tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte, DFS disease-free survival, CAMLs circulating cancer-associated macrophage-like cells, CTECs circulating tumor endothelial cells, NLR neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, PIOS patras immunotherapy score