Table 2.
Experimental vaccines developed against caseous lymphadenitis
| Immunogen | Adjuvant | Route | % protection* | Animal model | Author |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CP bacterin | A.P | – | – | Sheep | (Cameron et al. 1972) |
| CP bacterin or sonicated CP wall | W.I.O | I.M | – | Sheep | (Brogden et al. 1984) |
| CP bacterin | M.D | I.P | 30 | Mice | (Brogden et al. 1985) |
| T.D | 20 | ||||
| F.C | 40 | ||||
| W.I.O | 22 | ||||
| BCG | 10 | ||||
| Heat-killed Cryptosporidium parvum | 20 | ||||
| Sonicated CP wall | M.D | I.P | 80 | Mice | (Brogden et al. 1985) |
| T.D | 44 | ||||
| F.C | 40 | ||||
| W.I.O | 80 | ||||
| BCG | 11 | ||||
| Heat-killed C. parvum | 20 | ||||
| Formalized exotoxin of CP | F.I | S.C | 50 | Goat | (Brown et al. 1986) |
| CP bacterin | – | S.C | – | Sheep | (LeaMaster et al. 1987) |
| CP bacterin | A.P | – | – | Goat | (Ribeiro et al. 1988) |
| CP bacterin and toxoid | Levamisole | – | – | Goat | (Holstad et al. 1989) |
| CP bacterin and toxoid | – | ||||
| CP bacterin and toxoid | – | – | – | Goat | (Holstad 1989) |
| CP bacterin + M.D | W.I.O | – | – | Sheep | (Brogden et al. 1990) |
| CP bacterin + M.D | Mice | ||||
| CP bacterin | Sheep | ||||
| CP bacterin | Mice | ||||
| Dried whole CP cells | M.O + Arlacel A | I.M | – | Sheep | (Menzies et al. 1991) |
| Dried whole CP cells | Goat | ||||
| Filtrated culture supernatant exotoxins of CP | Block polymer | – | – | Sheep | (Ellis et al. 1991) |
| Cell-free toxoid | A.H | S.C | – | Sheep | (Eggleton et al. 1991c) |
| Toxoid + CP bacterin | |||||
| Varying concentrations of CP toxoid + 5 clostridial toxoids | A.H | S.C | – | Sheep | (Eggleton et al. 1991b) |
| Live attenuated 1002 CP strain | I.D | – | Goat | (Ribeiro et al. 1991) | |
| CP bacterin | A.P | ||||
| PLD-negative CP strain (Toxminus) | – | S.C | – | Sheep | (Hodgson et al. 1992) |
| PLD-negative CP strain (Toxminus) | – | O | – | Sheep | (Hodgson et al. 1994) |
| Recombinant Toxminus | |||||
| 40 kDa antigen | A.H | S.C | 82 | Sheep | (Walker et al. 1994) |
| CP bacterin | M.D + M.O | I.M | – | Sheep | (Brogden et al. 1996) |
| Goat | |||||
| Live Cp aroQ mutant | – | I.P | – | Mice | (Simmons et al. 1997) |
| Live TB521 pld mutant | |||||
| Live Cp aroQ mutant | – | S.C | – | Sheep | (Simmons et al. 1998) |
| Live TB 521 pld mutant | |||||
| Genetically inactivated PLD | – | S.C | 44 | Sheep | (Hodgson et al. 1999) |
| Plasmid DNA boCTLA-4-hIg-ΔPLD | – | I.M | 70 | Sheep | (Chaplin et al. 1999) |
| Plasmid DNA ΔPLD | 56 | ||||
| Sonicated CP cell wall protocol | – | – | – | Goat | (Kutschke et al. 2000) |
| Lyophilized live attenuated CP 1002 strain | – | I.D | – | Goat | (Meyer et al. 2002) |
| CP protein precipitate | A.H | S.C | 60 | Mice | Gallardo et al. 2003) |
| CP bacterin | M.O | S.C | – | Mice | (El-Enbaawy et al. 2005) |
| Toxoid | |||||
| CP bacterin + toxoid | |||||
| Purified rPLD from CP 3/99-5 strain | A.H | S.C | – | Sheep | (Fontaine et al. 2006) |
| Purified rPLD + CP whole cell | 100 | ||||
| Live CP | – | S.C | – | Alpacas | (Braga et al. 2007) |
| Sonicated CP cell wall | M.D | S.C | – | Alpacas | (Braga 2007) |
| Filtrated culture supernatant exotoxins | |||||
| Purified recombinant mutated PLD | M.O | S.C | – | Mice | (Ibrahim et al. 2007) |
| CP whole cell | |||||
| CP bacterin + toxoid | |||||
| Live CP | |||||
| CP T1 strain culture supernatant | F.I | S.C | – | Goat | (Moura-costa et al. 2008) |
| Concentrated CP T1 strain culture supernatant | CpG | ||||
| rHsp60 | F.C + F.I | S.C | 0 | Mice | (Pinho et al. 2009) |
| CP bacterin | M.O | S.C | 80 | Sheep | (Selim et al. 2010) |
| CP bacterin + mrPLD | 100 | ||||
| mrPLD + gamma irradiated CP | 72 | ||||
| mrPLD | BCG | 66 | |||
| pVAX1/hsp60 | – | I.M | 0 | Mice | (Costa et al. 2011) |
| rCP40 | SAP | I.P | 90 | Mice | (Silva et al. 2014) |
| CP09 recombinant live strain | – | S.C | 50 | ||
| rCP40 + CP09 recombinant live strain | SAP | I.P/S.C | 70 | ||
| CZ171053 mutant strain | – | I.P | 80 | Mice | (Ribeiro et al. 2014) |
| rCP40 | SAP | S.C | 100 | Mice | (Droppa-almeida et al. 2016) |
| F.C | |||||
| CP T1 strain | – | I.P | – | Mice | (Lúcia et al. 2016) |
| rCP09720 | A.H | S.C | 58.3 | Mice | (Brum et al. 2017) |
| pTARGET/cp09720 DNA vaccine | – | I.M | 16.6 | ||
| rPLD | SAP | S.C | 30 | Mice | (Silva et al. 2018) |
| rPLD + rCP01850 | 50 | ||||
| rPLD + rCP09720 | 40 | ||||
| M. bovis BCG expressing pld | – | I.P | 77 | Mice | (Leal et al. 2018) |
| M. bovis BCG expressing pld + rPLD boost | 88 | ||||
| rCP01850 | A.H | I.M | 0 | Mice | (Rezende et al. 2020) |
| pTARGET/cp01850 | – | ||||
| pTARGET/cp01850 + rCP01850 boost | A.H | ||||
| rCP01850 | BRPHE | S.C | 70 | Mice | (Bezerra et al. 2020) |
The table shows the vaccinal formulation, route of administration, protection rate, and animal model used in each experiment
CP, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis; S.C, subcutaneous; I.P, intraperitoneal; I.M, intramuscular; I.D, intradermal; O, oral; A.H, aluminum hydroxide; A.P, aluminum phosphate; W.I.O, water-in-oil emulsion; M.O, mineral oil; SAP, saponin; M.D, muramyl dipeptide; F.C, Freund’s complete; F.I, Freund’s incomplete; BCG, bacillus Calmette–Guérin; T.D, trehalose dimycolate; BRPHE, Brazilian red propolis hydroalcoholic extract
*The % protection depends on the animal model used in the study. When mice are used, the % protection is related to survival, whereas when using sheep or goat, the % protection is due to sterilizing immunity (presence or absence of abscesses)