Table 1.
Effects of commonly used drugs on miRNA expression and final biological effect.
| Drug-Resistance | Type of miRNAs | Action | Target Cells | Effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dexamethasone | miRNA-221 | increased | MM1R | BAX/Bak1 | [65] |
| miRNA-222 | increased | MM1R | BAX/Bak1 | [65] | |
| miRNA-15a | decreased | MM1R | ↑IL-6 | [66] | |
| miRNA-16 | decreased | MM1R | ↑IL-6 | [66] | |
| miRNA-21 | increased | KMS-26, U-266, OPM-2, INA-6 | RhoB | [67] | |
| miRNA-125b | increased | MM1S | Bak1/SIRT1 and↓p53 | [68] | |
| miRNA-182 | increased | H929, MM.1S | FOXO3A | [69,70] | |
| IMiDs | AGO2 | increased | IMiD-sensitive MM cells | cereblon | [71,72] |
| Alkylants | miRNA-221 | Increased | RPMI8226/Dox6 and RPMI8226/LR5, U266Dox and U266/LR7 | ↑PUMA, SL7A5/LAT1, ABCC1/MRP1, BAX/Bak1, RelB-p52 | [73,74] |
| miRNA-222 | Increased | RPMI8226/Dox6 and RPMI8226/LR5, U266Dox and U266/LR7 | ↑PUMA, SL7A5/LAT1, ABCC1/MRP1, BAX/Bak1 | [73,74] | |
| Bortezomib | miRNA-21 | Increased | RhoB, NFkB | [67] | |
| miRNA-15a-5p | Decreased | BTZ-resistant cells | MAP-k, E2 enzymes | [75] | |
| miRNA-16-5p | Decreased | BTZ-resistant cells | MAP-k, E2 enzymes | [75] | |
| miRNA-17-5p | Decreased | BTZ-resistant cells | MAP-k, E2 enzymes | [75] | |
| miRNA-20a-5p | Decreased | BTZ-resistant cells | MAP-k, E2 enzymes | [75] | |
| miRNA-125b-5p | Decreased | BTZ-resistant cell | MAP-k, E2 enzymes | [76] | |
| miRNA-21-5p | Decreased | U266, | MAP-k, E2 enzymes | [40,77,78] | |
| miRNA-181a-5p | Increased | U266, MM.1S, RPMI8226 | cell growth and MM cells adhesion | [79] | |
| miRNA-376c-3p | Increased | U266, MM.1S, RPMI8226 | unknown | [79] | |
| miRNA-215-5p | Increased | U266, MM.1S, RPMI8226 | unknown | [79] | |
| miRNA-18a | Increased | Primary MM cells | ↓HIF-1α | [80] | |
| let-7b | Increased | Primary MM cells | ↑oncogenes CCND1, MYC, RAS | [80] | |
| miRNA-29b | Decreased | Primary MM cells | ↑oncogene SP-1 | [81] | |
| miRNA-27a-5p | Decreased | Primary MM cells | ↑oncogene SP-1 | [81] | |
| miRNA-202 | Decreased | U266 | ↑oncogene BAFF, JNK/SAPK, BAX | [76] | |
| miRNA-101-3p | Decreased | RPMI-8226, U266, MM.1S, OPM2, HS-5 | ↑survivin (BIRC5) | [82] | |
| miRNA-155 | Decreased | Primary MM cells, MM1R | ↑CD47, ↑TNF1IP8 | [38,83] | |
| miRNA-22-3p | Increased | MM cells | ↑Snail1/hsa, ↓p53 | [84] | |
| miRNA-497 | decreased | Primary plasma cell leukemia cells | Bcl-2 | [85,86,87,88,89,90] | |
| miRNA-520g/h | decreased | BTZ-resistant MM cells | Rad51, APE1 | [40] | |
| miRNA-16-2-3p | increased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-19b-3p | increased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-30e-5p | increased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91,92] | |
| miRNA-122-5p | increased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-143-3p | increased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-148a-3p | increased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-215-5p | increased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91,92] | |
| miRNA-30c-5p | decreased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-130a-3p | decreased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-151a-3p | decreased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNa-181a-5p | decreased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-191-5p | decreased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNa-328-3p | decreased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-376a-3p | decreased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNa-409-3p | decreased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | Multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-744-5p | decreased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| miRNA-1224-3p | decreased | Cells from BTZ-refractory subjects | multiple | [91] | |
| Carfilzomib | miRNA-101-3p | decreased | RPMI-8226, U266, MM.1S, OPM2, HS-5 | ↑survivin BIRC5 | [82] |
| Doxorubicin | miRNA-21 | increased | BTZ-resistant MM cells | RhoB | [40] |