Table 5.
Effects of Age on Associations of ASD-Related Traits with Sleep Duration. ASD-Related Traits for Which Interaction Terms in Regression Indicated Significant Effects of Age on the Association with Sleep Duration were Further Analyzed in Age-Related Subgroups Defined by Children Being Preschool (4–5 Years Old), Primary School (6–12 Years Old), or Secondary School (13–18 Years Old) Age at the Time of Sleep-Related Data Collection (i.e., Age at ADOS). The Majority of the Evaluated Traits were Associated with Sleep Duration in Children Who were Preschool and Primary School Age, but Not Secondary School Age. Age Was Associated with Sleep Duration for Children Who were Primary and Secondary School, but Not for Children Who were Preschool Age. Score Ranges are Included in Parentheses under the Variable Description
| Age group |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4–5 years (n = 481) |
6–12 years (n = 1,730) |
13–18 years (n = 503) |
|||||||
| ASD-Related Trait | βa (95% CI) | P-value (df) | R2 | βa (95% CI) | P-value (df) | R2 | βa (95% CI) | P-value (df) | R2 |
| Social ImpairmentADI-R (8–30) | −3.07 (−4.26, −1.89) | <1.0 × 10−4 (480) | 0.0515 | −2.05 (−2.65, −1.45) | <1.0 × 10−4 (1,729) | 0.0255 | 0.60 (−0.50, 1.71) | 2.8 × 10−1 (502) | 0.0023 |
| Failure to Develop Peer RelationshipsADI-R (0–8) | −7.81 (−11.50, −4.12) | 1.0 × 10−4 (480) | 0.0348 | −5.86 (−7.86, −3.87) | <1.0 × 10−4 (1,728) | 0.0189 | −1.36 (−4.90, 2.19) | 4.5 × 10−1 (501) | 0.0011 |
| NV CommunicationADI-R (0–14) | −3.08 (−5.10, −1.07) | 3.0 × 10−3 (480) | 0.0186 | −1.96 (−2.94, −0.98) | <1.0 × 10−4 (1,729) | 0.0088 | 1.13 (−0.62, 2.89) | 2.1 × 10−1 (502) | 0.0032 |
| Affective ProblemsCBCL (50–95) | −2.42 (−3.17, −1.68) | <1.0 × 10−4 (478) | 0.0789 | −1.74 (−2.13, −1.35) | <1.0 × 10−4 (1,725) | 0.0428 | −0.52 (−0.87, 0.71) | 8.4 × 10−1 (498) | 0.0001 |
| Anxiety ProblemsCBCL (50–95) | −1.45 (−2,17, −0.73) | <1.0 × 10−4 (478) | 0.0320 | −0.44 (−0.82, −0.06) | 2.3 × 10−2 (1,726) | 0.0030 | 0.53 (−0.16, 1.22) | 1.3 × 10−1 (498) | 0.0046 |
| Anxious/DepressedCBCL (50–98) | −1.72 (−2.74, −0.71) | 1.0 × 10−3 (478) | 0.0227 | −0.39 (−0.76, −0.01) | 4.5 × 10−2 (1,727) | 0.0023 | 0.12 (−0.50, 0.75) | 7.0 × 10−1 (498) | 0.0003 |
| Internalizing ProblemsCBCL (33–90) | −1.49 (−2.26, −0.72) | <1.0 × 10−4 (478) | 0.0295 | −0.65 (−1.00, −0.31) | <1.0 × 10−4 (1,727) | 0.0079 | 0.08 (−0.55, 0.71) | 8.0 × 10−1 (499) | 0.0001 |
| Total ProblemsCBCL (27–92) | −1.58 (−2.23, −0.94) | <1.0 × 10−4 (478) | 0.0464 | −0.91 (−1.29, −0.53) | <1.0 × 10−4 (1,727) | 0.0128 | 0.004 (−0.72, 0.73) | 9.9 × 10−1 (499) | 0.0000 |
| Age at ADOS_years | −10.59 (−24.94, 3.72) | 1.5 × 10−1 (480) | 0.0044 | −8.23 (−9.96, −6.50) | <1.0 × 10−4 (1,729) | 0.0479 | −4.68 (−8.44, −0.92) | 1.5 × 10−2 (502) | 0.0118 |
For every one unit score increase in the ASD-related trait, or 1 year increase in age, the β-coefficient represents the number of minutes sleep duration either decreases or increases.
ADI-R, Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised; RRB, restricted and repetitive behaviors; NV, nonverbal; ADOS, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; df, degrees of freedom.