Fig. 3.

Activation of GFRAL neurons, like GDF-15, promotes aversive responses. (A–C) Water intake (A), food intake (B), and body weight (C) in control and GFRAL^Cre-Dq mice over 2 d during which time the only source of drinking water contained CNO (0.025 mg/mL; n = 6). (D) CTA assay in wild-type mice injected with either VEH or GDF-15 during conditioning (n = 8–9). (E) CTA in GFRAL^Cre-Dq mice and controls injected with CNO in conditioning phase (n = 7–12). Data are shown as mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA (A–E) was performed, ***P < 0.001.