Table 1.
Prevalence of dyslipidemia in children and adolescents with normal weight, overweight and obesity (both sexes).
| Country, Year [Reference] | Age (Years) | n | Criteria for Measuring Body Weight | Frequency of Dyslipidemia (%) | Study Design | Odds Ratio for Dyslipidemia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dyslipidemia | High TG | High TC | High LDL-C | Low HDL-C | |||||||
| Argentina, 2014 [18] | 8–14 | 139 | overweight and obesity | BMI z-score for overweight: 1–2; BMI z-score for obesity > 2 | 50.4 | 31.9 | 11.9 | 10.7 | 29.7 | nd | nd |
| Brazil, 2012 [19] | 6–10 | 147 | overweight and obesity | BMI ≥ 85th pc | 28.0 | 10.2 | 11.6 | 8.8 | 8.8 | cross-sectional study | nd |
| Brazil, 2012 [20] | 7–14 | 698 | normal | BMI ≥ 3rd and < 85th pc | 24.0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | cross-sectional study | 1.0 (ref.) |
| 116 | overweight and obesity | BMI ≥ 85th pc | 26.4 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 3.4 (p < 0.001) | |||
| Brazil, 2009 [21] | 2–19 | 383 | no excess weight | BMI < 85th pc | nd | 4.7 | 47.8 | 36.8 | 6.0 | cross-sectional study | nd |
| 48 | overweight | BMI ≥ 85th and < 95th pc | nd | 14.6 | 45.8 | 50.0 | 4.2 | ||||
| 63 | obesity | BMI ≥ 95th pc | nd | 27.0 | 74.6 | 55.6 | 7.9 | ||||
| China, 2016 [22] | 6–18 | 1649 | normal | BMI criteria according to WGOC | nd | 11.4 | 10.9 | 4.8 | 3.1 | cross-sectional study | nd |
| overweight | nd | 18.5 | 10.0 | 6.2 | 12.3 | ||||||
| obesity | nd | 37.2 | 12.1 | 9.9 | 13.9 | ||||||
| Denmark, 2017 [12] | 6–19 | 1639 | normal | BMI: 10th—90th pc | 5.2 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 2.0 | 1.3 | population-based cohort study | nd |
| 1421 | overweight and obesity | BMI > 90th pc | 28.0 | 14.8 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 12.7 | ||||
| India, 2017 [23] | 5–18 | 65 | obesity | BMI ≥ 95th pc | 63.0 | 46.2 | 40.0 | 60.0 | 40.0 | cross-sectional study | nd |
| Iran, 2015 [14] | 7–12 | 100 | control | BMI < 85th pc and WC < 90th pc | nd | 13.0 | 13.0 | 5.0 | 11.0 | case control study | nd |
| 100 | overweight | BMI: 85th -95th pc and WC < 90th pc | nd | 20.0 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 13.0 | ||||
| 100 | general obesity with central obesity | BMI ≥ 95th pc and WC ≥ 90th pc | nd | 49.0 | 28.0 | 24.0 | 38.0 | ||||
| Iran, 2015 [24] | 11–18 | 2231 | normal | nd | nd | 14.7 | 6.2 | 3.6 | 25.5 | cross-sectional study | nd |
| 412 | overweight and obesity | nd | 10.5 | 5.3 | 2.9 | 20.1 | |||||
| Iran, 2011 [25] | 6–18 | 2064 | overweight and obesity | BMI ≥ 85th pc | 69.9 | 49.9 | 32.4 | 23.0 | 24.4 | retrospective study | nd |
| Iran, 2009 [26] | 4–18 | 50 | normal | BMI: 50th–85th pc | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | case control study | nd |
| 72 | overweight | BMI z-score: 1–2 | 26.2 | nd | nd | nd | nd | ||||
| 41 | moderately obesity | BMI z-score: 2–2.5 | 16.9 | nd | nd | nd | nd | ||||
| 117 | severely obesity | BMI z-score > 2.5 | 56.8 | nd | nd | nd | nd | ||||
| Mexico, 2016 [10] | 11–16 | 193 | normal | BMI criteria according to IOTF | 42.0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | population-based cross-sectional nutritional survey | 1.0 (ref.) |
| 58 | overweight | 60.0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 2.07 (p < 0.05) | ||||
| 42 | obesity | 62.0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 2.21 (p < 0.05) | ||||
| Mexico, 2015 [11] | 2–10 | 241 | normal | BMI criteria according to IOTF | 49.4 | 32.8 | 14.9 | 12.0 | 19.5 | population-based cross-sectional nutritional survey | 1.0 (ref.) |
| 47 | overweight | 63.8 | 48.9 | 19.1 | 8.5 | 36.2 | 1.76 | ||||
| 49 | obesity | 73.5 | 59.2 | 18.4 | 16.3 | 55.1 | 2.79 | ||||
| Pakistan, 2019 [27] | 10–16 | 58 | overweight | BMI ≥ 85th and < 95th pc | 29.3 | 20.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15.5 | cross-sectional study | nd |
| 41 | obesity | BMI ≥ 95th pc | 61.0 | 46.3 | 4.9 | 2.4 | 43.9 | ||||
| Poland, 2011 [13] | 16–18 | 69 | overweight | BMI criteria according to IOTF | nd | 36.2 | nd | nd | 21.7 | nd | nd |
| 19 | obesity | nd | 63.2 | nd | nd | 26.3 | |||||
| Poland, 2010 [28] | <10 | 91 | obesity | BMI > 97th pc | 25.0 | 14.1 | 17.2 | 48.8 | 22.0 | nd | nd |
| Turkey, 2015 [29] | 2–19 | 823 | obesity | BMI ≥ 95th pc | 42.9 | 21.7 | 18.6 | 13.4 | 19.7 | retrospective study | nd |
| United Arab Emirates, 2018 [30] | 4–19 | 216 | overweight and obesity | BMI ≥ 85th pc | 55.3 | 28.6 | 11.7 | 32.7 | 18.0 | cross-sectional study | nd |
| United States, 2015 [31] | 6–19 | 19,151 | normal | BMI ≥ 5th and < 85th pc | 13.8 | nd | 6.3 | nd | 6.8 | cross-sectional study | nd |
| overweight | BMI ≥ 85th and < 95th pc | 22.3 | nd | 6.9 | nd | 14.8 | |||||
| obesity | BMI ≥ 95th pc | 43.3 | nd | 11.6 | nd | 33.2 | |||||
| United States, 2010 [32] | 12–19 | 2008 | normal | BMI > 5th and < 85th pc | 14.2 | 5.9 | nd | 5.8 | 4.3 | cross-sectional study | 1.0 (ref.) |
| 514 | overweight | BMI ≥ 85th and < 95th pc | 22.3 | 13.8 | nd | 8.4 | 8.3 | 1.6 | |||
| 603 | obesity | BMI ≥ 95th pc | 42.9 | 24.1 | nd | 14.2 | 20.5 | 3.0 | |||
BMI—body mass index; dyslipidemia—≥ 1 lipid abnormality; HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IOTF—International Obesity Task Force; LDL-C—low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; nd—no data; pc—percentile; ref.—reference; TC—total cholesterol; TG—triglycerides; WC—waist circumference; WGOC—Working Group for Obesity in China.