Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study population, overall and according to vital status.
| Variable | N | Overall (N = 2878) | Alive (n = 2503) | Died in hospital (n = 360) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 2873 | 66.6 ± 17.0 | 64.6 ± 16.7 | 80.4 ± 12.0 | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 2878 | 1666 (57.9) | 1434 (57.3) | 222 (61.7) | 0.18 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 2493 | 27.8 ± 6.0 | 27.9 ± 6.1 | 26.9 ± 5.8 | 0.003 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | |||||
| Hypertension | 2859 | 1453 (50.8) | 1186 (47.7) | 261 (72.9) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 2860 | 677 (23.7) | 554 (22.3) | 121 (33.9) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 2859 | 800 (28.0) | 654 (26.3) | 139 (38.9) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 2810 | 378 (13.5) | 325 (13.3) | 51 (14.7) | 0.29 |
| Heredity | 2713 | 44 (1.6) | 36 (1.52) | 7 (2.11) | 0.45 |
| Obesity | 2493 | 756 (30.3) | 677 (31.0) | 78 (26.0) | 0.09 |
| Coexisting conditions | |||||
| Peripheral artery disease | 2838 | 147 (5.2) | 117 (4.7) | 30 (8.4) | 0.001 |
| Stroke | 2837 | 253 (8.9) | 197 (8.0) | 54 (15.2) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 2836 | 405 (14.3) | 282 (11.4) | 119 (33.9) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory comorbidities | 2878 | < 0.001 | |||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 164 (5.7) | 125 (5.0) | 36 (10.0) | ||
| Asthma | 189 (6.6) | 170 (6.8) | 17 (4.7) | ||
| Chronic respiratory failure | 79 (2.7) | 62 (2.5) | 17 (4.7) | ||
| Malignancy | 2878 | < 0.001 | |||
| In remission | 226 (7.9) | 183 (7.3) | 43 (11.9) | ||
| Active | 189 (6.6) | 144 (5.8) | 42 (11.7) | ||
| Venous thromboembolism | 2878 | 212 (7.4) | 174 (7.0) | 38 (10.6) | 0.01 |
| Previous structural heart disease | 2850 | 599 (21.0) | 458 (18.5) | 136 (38.1) | < 0.001 |
| CAD | 313 (11.0) | 237 (9.6) | 75 (21.0) | ||
| Non-CAD | 286 (10.0) | 221 (8.9) | 61 (17.1) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 2852 | 416 (14.6) | 320 (12.9) | 91 (25.5) | < 0.001 |
| Previous heart surgery | 2878 | 105 (3.7) | 82 (3.3) | 21 (5.83) | 0.01 |
| Heart failure | 2809 | 317 (11.3) | 238 (9.7) | 79 (22.6) | < 0.001 |
| HFpEF | 161 (50.8) | 124 (5.0) | 37 (10.6) | < 0.001 | |
| HFrEF | 156 (49.2) | 114 (4.6) | 42 (12.0) | < 0.001 | |
| Chronic medications | |||||
| Beta-blocker | 2878 | 735 (25.5) | 585 (23.4) | 145 (40.3) | < 0.001 |
| Any RAAS-inhibitor | 966 (33.6) | 806 (32.2) | 156 (43.3) | < 0.001 | |
| ACE inhibitor | 2878 | 506 (17.6) | 423 (16.9) | 82 (22.8) | 0.003 |
| ARB | 2878 | 469 (16.3) | 392 (15.7) | 74 (20.6) | 0.02 |
| Diuretic | 2878 | 564 (19.6) | 446 (17.8) | 113 (31.4) | < 0.001 |
| Antialdosterone | 2878 | 79 (2.7) | 59 (2.4) | 20 (5.6) | 0.001 |
| Antiplatelet | 2878 | 627 (21.8) | 493 (19.7) | 131 (36.4) | < 0.001 |
| Oral antidiabetic | 2878 | 451 (15.7) | 374 (14.9) | 75 (20.8) | 0.004 |
| Statins | 2878 | 653 (22.7) | 540 (21.6) | 113 (31.4) | < 0.001 |
| Anticoagulant | 2878 | 418 (14.5) | 325 (13.0) | 90 (25.0) | < 0.001 |
| NOAC | 232 (8.1) | 184 (7.35) | 47 (13.1) | < 0.001 | |
| Anti-Xa | 100 (3.5) | 79 (3.2) | 21 (5.8) | ||
| Anti-IIa | 132 (4.6) | 104 (4.2) | 27 (7.5) | ||
| Vitamin K antagonist | 2878 | 150 (5.2) | 112 (4.47) | 37 (10.3) | < 0.001 |
| Heparin | 2878 | 30 (1.0) | 25 (1.00) | 4 (1.11) | 1.00 |
Data are expressed as number (%) or mean ± SD. Fifteen patients with unknown final status were excluded from the analysis. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; CAD: coronary artery disease; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NOAC: non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.