Table 3.
Cox univariate analysis.
| Variable | Alive (n = 2503) | Died in hospital (n = 360) | HR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 64.6 ± 16.7 | 80.4 ± 12.0 | 1.07 (1.06 − 1.08) | < 0.001 |
| Male sex | 1434 (57.3) | 222 (61.7) | 1.16 (0.94 − 1.43) | 0.18 |
| BMI (mean ± SD) | 27.9 (6.1) | 27.0 (5.8) | 0.97 (0.95 − 0.99) | 0.003 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Hypertension | 1186 (47.7) | 261 (72.9) | 2.84 (2.25 − 3.59) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 554 (22.3) | 121 (33.9) | 1.75 (1.41 − 2.18) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 654 (26.3) | 139 (38.9) | 1.73 (1.40 − 2.14) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | 325 (13.3) | 51 (14.7) | 1.17 (0.87 − 1.58) | 0.29 |
| Obese | 677 (31.0) | 78 (26.0) | 0.80 (0.62 − 1.04) | 0.09 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 282 (11.4) | 119 (33.9) | 3.55 (2.84 − 4.43) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic respiratory failure | 62 (2.5) | 17 (4.7) | 1.90 (1.16 − 3.09) | 0.009 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 117 (4.7) | 30 (8.4) | 1.90 (1.31 − 2.77) | 0.001 |
| Stroke | 197 (8.0) | 54 (15.2) | 1.96 (1.47 − 2.62) | < 0.001 |
| Venous thromboembolism | 174 (7.0) | 38 (10.6) | 1.55 (1.11 − 2.18) | 0.01 |
| Previous structural heart disease | < 0.001 | |||
| None | 2020 (81.5) | 221 (61.9) | Referent | |
| CAD | 237 (9.6) | 75 (21.0) | 2.68 (2.06 − 3.48) | < 0.001 |
| Non-CAD | 221 (8.9) | 61 (17.1) | 2.42 (1.83 − 3.22) | < 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 238 (9.7) | 79 (22.6) | 2.53 (1.97 − 3.25) | < 0.001 |
| HFpEF | 124 (5.1) | 37 (10.6) | 2.09 (1.48 − 2.94) | < 0.001 |
| HFrEF | 114 (4.6) | 42 (12.0) | 2.60 (1.88 − 3.59) | < 0.001 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 320 (12.9) | 91 (25.5) | 2.26 (1.78 − 2.87) | < 0.001 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Beta-blocker | 423 (16.9) | 82 (22.8) | 1.44 (1.13 − 1.84) | 0.003 |
| Any RAAS-inhibitor | 806 (32.2) | 156 (43.3) | 1.58 (1.28 − 1.94) | < 0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor | 423 (16.9) | 82 (22.8) | 1.44 (1.13 − 1.84) | 0.003 |
| ARB | 392 (15.7) | 74 (20.6) | 1.36 (1.05 − 1.76) | 0.002 |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| Elevated BNP or NT − pro-BNPa | 702 (47.2) | 234 (83.6) | 5.30 (3.86 − 7.27) | < 0.001 |
| Troponin elevationb | 442 (28.8) | 127 (58.5) | 3.23 (2.46 − 4.24) | < 0.001 |
| qSOFA score ≥ 2c | 1094 (59.8) | 196 (73.4) | 1.81 (1.38 − 2.38) | < 0.001 |
Data are expressed as number (%) unless otherwise specified. Fifteen patients with unknown final status were excluded from the analysis. ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; BMI: body mass index; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; CAD: coronary artery disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; NT − pro-BNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide.
a
BNP > 50 pg/mL or NT-pro-BNP > 300 pg/mL.
b
Above each centre threshold.
c
Initial severity score.