Table 4.
Predicators of COVID-19 pandemic-related stress among Bhutanese and Burmese refugee participants in the USA in 2020, applying bivariate analysis and adjusted ordinal logistic regression modelsa
| Amount of stress experiencedb (N = 218) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bivariate analysis | Ordinal logistic regression model | ||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | P value | OR (95% CI) | |
| No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |||
| Amount of discrimination experienced | |||||||
| None | 62 (91.18) | 36 (65.45) | 25 (65.79) | 14 (51.85) | 15 (50.00) | 0.000c | Reference |
| One | 4 (5.88) | 10 (18.18) | 7 (18.42) | 7 (25.93) | 5 (16.67) | 2.70*** (1.31, 5.58) | |
| Two | 1 (1.47) | 9 (16.36) | 4 (10.53) | 3 (11.11) | 4 (13.33) | 2.48*** (1.10, 5.61) | |
| Three | 1 (1.47) | 0 (0) | 2 (5.26) | 3 (11.11) | 6 (20.00) | 11.90*** (3.52, 40.30) | |
| COVID-19 infection | |||||||
| No | 65 (98.48) | 50 (94.34) | 33 (86.84) | 25 (92.59) | 25 (86.21) | 0.067c | Reference |
| Yes | 1 (1.52) | 3 (5.66) | 5 (13.16) | 2 (7.41) | 4 (13.79) | 1.14 (0.35, 3.74) | |
| Family member infected | |||||||
| No | 67 (98.53) | 52 (94.55) | 34 (89.47) | 24 (88.89) | 26 (86.67) | 0.075c | Reference |
| Yes | 1 (1.47) | 3 (5.45) | 4 (10.53) | 3 (11.11) | 4 (13.33) | 1.30 (0.39, 4.34) | |
| Essential worker | |||||||
| No | 41 (60.29) | 33 (60.00) | 25 (65.79) | 18 (66.67) | 13 (43.33) | 0.363c | Reference |
| Yes | 27 (39.71) | 22 (40.00) | 13 (34.21) | 9 (33.33) | 17 (56.67) | 1.08 (0.63, 1.88) | |
| Financial crisis | |||||||
| No | 50 (74.63) | 39 (70.91) | 18 (48.65) | 15 (55.56) | 14 (46.67) | 0.013c | Reference |
| Yes | 17 (25.37) | 16 (29.09) | 19 (51.35) | 12 (44.44) | 16 (53.33) | 2.17** (1.26, 3.73) | |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 47 (69.12) | 38 (69.09) | 20 (52.63) | 12 (44.44) | 14 (47.67) | 0.040c | Reference |
| Female | 21 (30.88) | 17 (30.91) | 18 (47.37) | 15 (55.45) | 16 (53.33) | 1.97* (1.06, 3.66) | |
| Age | |||||||
| ≤30 | 31 (45.59) | 23 (41.82) | 20 (52.63) | 17 (62.96) | 15 (50.00) | 0.448c | Reference |
| 31–40 | 16 (23.53) | 20 (36.36) | 10 (26.32) | 4 (14.81) | 10 (33.33) | 1.03 (0.54, 1.98) | |
| ≥41 | 21 (30.88) | 21 (30.88) | 8 (21.05) | 6 (22.22) | 5 (16.67) | 0.98 (0.48, 2.01) | |
| Education | |||||||
| Secondary degree | 21 (30.88) | 10 (18.18) | 12 (31.58) | 9 (33.33) | 6 (20.69) | 0.063c | Reference |
| Associate degree | 8 (11.76) | 12 (21.82) | 12 (31.58) | 6 (22.22) | 12 (41.38) | 2.34* (1.14, 4.33) | |
| Bachelor or higher | 39 (57.35) | 33 (60.00) | 14 (36.84) | 12 (44.44) | 11 (37.93) | 1.34 (0.67, 2.68) | |
| Years spent in the USA, mean (SD) | 10.43 (0.54) | 10.31 (0.37) | 9.55 (0.38) | 9.70 (0.36) | 9.93 (0.58) | 0.661d | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) |
OR, Odds Ratio; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval
aWe applied the model command to measure the proportional odds assumption of ordinal logistic regression models. The p value of this test is equal to 0.604, indicating the model does not violate the proportional odds assumption
bThis is an ordinal variable describing the number of different types of stress reported by each survey participant (0, 1, 2, 3, 4)
cFisher’s exact test
dANOVA test
*P < 0.05
**P < 0.01
***P < 0.001