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. 2021 Feb 20;11(2):323. doi: 10.3390/biom11020323

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Antidiabetic mechanism of catalpol in the adipocyte. IRS-1: Insulin receptor substrate-1, PI3K/AKT: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Protein kinase B pathway, AMPK: 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase, GLUT4: Glucose transporter type 4, JNK: c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, IKκβ: Inhibitor of κβ kinase, NF- κβ: Nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated β cells, NOX4: NADPH oxidase 4, ROS: Reactive oxygen species, AGE: Advanced glycation end-products, RAGE: Receptor of advanced glycation end-products, TNF-α: Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha, IL-6: Interleukin-6, IL-1β: Interleukin 1 beta, IFN gamma: Interferon gamma, MCP-1: Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, INOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase, CD11C: Integrin.