Table 2.
Identified pairwise interactions among nonindigenous and impacted native species. Nonindigenous species causing * noticeable stress and ** significant adverse effect; those without a symbol include both those categorized as low and unknown impact (per Figure 3); + at-risk native species; ^ terms per original source, exact species impacted were not provided in the original source. A high marsh community is defined as the intermittent zone between low marsh and uplands characterized by sandy soil. Understory natives refer to a reported displacement of plant species except for trees/shrubs. sources: [31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47].
| Growth Form | Nonindigenous Plant Species | Impacted Natives |
|---|---|---|
| Submerged | Myriophyllum spicatum * | M. sibiricum+ |
| Floating | Trapa natans * | Native (emergent) grasses |
| Emergent | Chenopodium glaucum | C. album, C. berlandieri, C. capitatum +, C. foggii +, C. humile, C. leptophyllum +. C. overi, C. pallescens, C. pratericola, C. rubrum, C. salinum, C. simplex, C. standleyanum, C. subglabrum + |
| Emergent | Conium maculatum * | Grasses and forbs |
| Emergent | Cirsium palustre * |
C. pitcheri+, C. muticum Carex spp. |
| Emergent | Pluchea odorata | High marsh community ^ |
| Emergent | Butomus umbellatus * |
Phalaris arundinacea, Phragmites australis ssp. americanus, Non-specific natives |
| Emergent | Carex acutiformis * | Understory natives ^ |
| Emergent | Iris pseudacorus ** | Typha spp., Peltandra virginica, I. brevicaulis +, I. cristata +, I. lacustris +, I. robusta [versicolor × virginica] +, I. setosa, I. verna +, I. versicolor, I. virginica var. shrevei +, sedges, rushes |
| Emergent | Juncus compressus * | Juncus alpinus +, J. ambiguous +, J. balticus, J. biflorus +, J. marginatus, J. brachycarpus, J. brachycephalus +, J. dichotomus +, J. diffusissimus +, J. ensifolius +, J. greenei +, J. interior +, J. militaris +, J. pelocarpus +, J. scirpoides +, J. secundus +, J. stygius +, J. subcaudatus +, J. vaseyi +, non-rushes |
| Emergent | Juncus inflexus * | J. alpinus +, J. ambiguous +, J. balticus, J. biflorus +, J. marginatus, J. brachycarpus, J. brachycephalus +, J. dichotomus +, J. diffusissimus +, J. ensifolius +, J. greenei +, J. interior +, J. militaris +, J. pelocarpus +, J. scirpoides +, J. secundus +, J. stygius +, J. subcaudatus +, J. vaseyi + |
| Emergent | Lycopus asper | L. americanus, L. amplectens +, L. rubellus +, L. uniflorus, L. virginicus + |
| Emergent | Lycopus europaeus | L. americanus, L. amplectens +, L. rubellus +, L. uniflorus, L. virginicus + |
| Emergent | Lythrum salicaria ** | Grasses, sedges, flowering plants |
| Emergent | Epilobium hirsutum * | E. angustifolium +, E. strictum + |
| Emergent | Echinochloa crus-galli | E. muricata, E. walteri +, |
| Emergent | Phragmites australis ssp. Australis ** | Sedges, rushes, cattails |
| Emergent | Lysimachia nummularia * | L. radicans + |
| Emergent | Lysimachia vulgaris * | L. radicans + |
| Emergent | Typha angustifolia ** | T. latifolia, Campanula aparinoides, Cicuta bulbifera, Galium tinctorium |
| Emergent (tree) | Frangula alnus ** | Rhamnus alnifolia +, Rhamnus lanceolata +, Ilex verticillata +, trees, shrubs and wildflowers |
| Emergent (tree) | Salix purpurea | Native willows |