Table 1.
Evaluation of Clinical, Gestational, and Sociodemographic Characteristics in the Case and Control Groups.
| Variables | Case † (n = 40) | Control (n = 48) | p-Value ‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (n, %) | |||
| Male | 23 (57%) | 26 (54%) | 0.754 |
| Female | 17 (43%) | 22 (46%) | |
| Ethnicity (n, %) | |||
| Black | 31 (77%) | 31 (65%) | 0.242 |
| White | 9 (23%) | 17 (35%) | |
| Weight (kg) | 2.5 (2.2–2.9) | 3.2 (2.8–3.5) | <0.001 * |
| Height (cm) | 45.0 (44.0–48.0) | 49.0 (47.0–50.0) | 0.001 * |
| Cephalic perimeter (cm) | 29.0 (27.3–31.0) | 35.0 (34.0–36.0) | <0.001 * |
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 38.0 (37.0–39.0) | 38.0 (37.0–38.7) | 0.522 |
| Types of delivery (n, %) | |||
| Vaginal delivery | 16/30 (53%) | 5 (10%) | <0.001 * |
| Cesarean section | 14/30 (47%) | 43 (90%) | |
| Mother’s age (years) | 28.0 (22.5–35.5) | 29.5 (22.0–33.0) | 0.824 |
| Father’s age (years) | 28.0 (24.0–37.8) | 31.0 (26.0–35.0) | 0.693 |
| Trimester of ZIKV infection (n, %) | |||
| 1st | 24/30 (80%) | 13 (27%) | <0.001 * |
| 2nd | 4/30 (13%) | 14 (29%) | |
| 3rd | 2/30 (7%) | 21 (44%) | |
| Exposure during pregnancy (n, %) | |||
| Alcohol | 3/35 (9%) | 14 (29%) | 0.028 * |
| Smoke | 0/35 | 1 (2%) | 1.000 |
| Drugs | 0/35 | 1 (2%) | 1.000 |
| Maternal yellow fever vaccine (n, %) | 18/24 (75%) | 35 (73%) | 1.000 |
| Maternal educational level (n, %) | |||
| Elementary school | 13/38 (34%) | 0 | <0.001 * |
| High school | 13/38 (34%) | 2 (4%) | |
| Incomplete or complete higher education | 12/38 (32%) | 46 (96%) | |
| Monthly family income (n, %) | |||
| Less than 3 minimum wages | 23/27 (85%) | 12/25 (46%) | 0.008 * |
| Between 3 and 9 minimum wages | 4/27 (15%) | 12/25 (46%) | |
| More than 9 minimum wages | 0 | 2/25 (8%) |
† In the case group, some information was not available or was not answered for all mothers. ‡ Quantitative variables were compared between the groups through the Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test and categorical variables through the Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test; Quantitative variables are presented as median and quartiles; * Statistically significant.