Table 5.
Association between trimester of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection during pregnancy or TNF polymorphisms and the severity of microcephaly in cases with CZS.
| Variables | Allele/ Genotype/ Haplotype |
Severity of Microcephaly | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mild (n = 8) | Severe (n = 12) | p-Value | ||
| Trimester of ZIKV infection † (n, %) | ||||
| 1st | 2 (33%) | 7 (100%) | 0.019 | |
| 2nd | 3 (50%) | 0 | ||
| 3rd | 1 (17%) | 0 | ||
| TNF (n, %) | ||||
| rs1799724 | T | 0 | 7 (29%) | 0.029 * |
| C | 16 (100%) | 17 (71%) | ||
| CC | 8 (100%) | 6 (50%) | 0.041 * | |
| CT | 0 | 5 (42%) | ||
| TT | 0 | 1 (8%) | ||
| rs361525 | A | 1 (6%) | 0 | 0.400 |
| G | 15 (94%) | 24 (100%) | ||
| GG | 7 (87%) | 12 (100%) | 0.400 | |
| AG | 1 (13%) | 0 | ||
| rs1799964 | C | 2 (13%) | 3 (13%) | 1.000 |
| T | 14 (87%) | 21 (87%) | ||
| TT | 6 (75%) | 9 (75%) | 1.000 | |
| CT | 2 (25%) | 3 (25%) | ||
| Haplotypes ‡ | CCG | 1 (6%) | 3 (13%) | 0.030 * |
| CCA | 1 (6%) | 0 | ||
| TCG | 14 (88%) | 14 (58%) | ||
| TTG | 0 | 7 (29%) | ||
| TCG § | 14 | 14 | 0.079 | |
| others § | 2 | 10 | ||
† The information about the trimester of exposure to ZIKV infection during pregnancy was not available for all children with data of the severity of the microcephaly; ‡ TNF haplotypes: variants rs1799964, rs1799724, and rs361525, respectively; § Comparison of the frequencies of a haplotype containing all the alleles associated with low expression of the TNF against the other haplotypes; Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test; * Statistically significant.