Table 1.

Summary of studies exploring mortality in men with osteoporosis.

Authors, Year	Study Design and Sample	Outcomes
Brown et al., 2021 [41]	Population-based retrospective 1:1 matched-cohort to controls using ICD-10 diagnostic codes for fractures from 1 January 2011 to 31 March 2015, in Ontario, Canada.	-Crude relative mortality risk 2.47- and 3.22-fold higher in matched fractured vs. non-fractured women and men, respectively. -1 year absolute mortality risk post-fracture was 19.5% in men and 12.5% in women with fractures -absolute risk difference of 7.4% (95% CI 7.1–7.7%) in women and 13.5% (95% CI 12.9–14.0%) in men when compared to matched non-fracture controls
Lee et al., 2021 [42]	Korean National Health Insurance Research Database, we analyzed the cohort data of 24,756 patients aged > 60 years who sustained fractures between 2002 and 2013.	Mortality risk is higher in men then in women depending on the type of fracture: -the first hip fracture (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.92–2.64 in women and HR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.60–2.41 in men) -the first vertebral fracture (HR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.15–1.53 in women and HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.01–1.48 in men) and the the number of subsequent fractures: in women -one, HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.48–1.80; -two, HR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.47–2.08; -three or more, HR, 2.46; 95% CI, 1.92–3.15 in men -one HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.28–1.58; -two, HR, 2.03; 95% CI, 1.69–2.43; -three or more, HR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.34–2.74
Bliuc et al., 2015 [34]	The Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study prospective study Women and men ≥ 60 years followed from 1989 to 2011 with incident osteoporotic fractures (528 women and 187 men)	Similar distribution of fracture type in men and women -hip fracture (13% to 17%) -vertebral fracture (31% to 32%), -non-hip non-vertebral fracture (51% to 56%) RR of subsequent fracture is >2.0-fold for all levels of BMD -normal BMD: 2.0 (1.2 to 3.3) for women and 2.1 (1.2 to 3.8) for men; -osteopenia: 2.1 (1.7 to 2.6) for women and 2.5 (1.6 to 4.1) for men; -osteoporosis 3.2 (2.7 to 3.9) for women and 2.1 (1.4 to 3.1) for men. Post-fracture age-adjusted standardized mortality ratio is higher in men than women and increase with bone loss -osteopenia 1.3 (1.1 to 1.7) and 2.2 (1.7 to 2.9) for women and men, respectively, -osteoporosis 1.7 (1.5 to 2.0) and 2.7 (2.0 to 3.6) for women and men, respectively
Jiang et al., 2005 [35]	Population-based cohort of 3981 hip fracture patients ≥60 years admitted to hospitals in a large Canadian health region from 1994 to 2000	In-hospital mortality is 6.3%; 10.2% for men and 4.7% for women (adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3–2.4). Mortality at 1 year is 30.8%; 37.5% for men and 28.2% for women (adjusted p < 0.001)
Kiebzak et al., 2002 [38]	medical records from 363 patients (110 men and 253 women) aged 50 years and older with fragility hip fracture St Luke’s Episcopal Hospital between 1 January 1996, and 31 December 2000.	The 12-month mortality was 32% in men, compared with 17% in women (p = 0.003)
Center et al., 1999 [31]	5-year prospective cohort study in the semi-urban city of Dubbo, Australia, of all residents aged 60 years and older (2413 women and 1898 men).	Age-standardised mortality ratios are higher in men than in women for proximal femur (OR 3.17; CI95% 2.90–3.44 vs. OR 2.18; 95% CI 2.03–2.32); for vertebral sites (OR 2.38; 2.17–2.59 vs. OR 1.66; 95%CI1.51-1.80; and, for other major fractures (OR 2.22; 95%CI 1.91–2.52 and OR 1.92; 95% CI 1.70–2.14).
Diamond et al., 1997 [36]	Cohort study: 51 men aged ≥60 years and 51 age-matched women presenting to St George Hospital (a 650-bed tertiary care centre) with hip fractures, recruited retrospectively in 1995 from medical records and evaluated prospectively at 6 and 12 months after fracture.	14% men died in hospital compared with 6% of women (p = 0.06); men had more risk factors for osteoporosis (p < 0.01).