Table 2.
Pharmacological approaches to study habenula linked disorders.
| Human Disorder | Compound | Observed Behavior | Stages | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety disorder, depression | GABA-ergic: ethanol, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam | Anxiolytic in anxiety paradigms | Adult, larva | [77,79,82,83,116,119,121,122,123,124,125] |
| Serotonergic: buspirone, citalopram, desipramine, fluoxetine, ketamine, LSD, olanzapine | ||||
| Cholinergic: nicotine, scopolamine | ||||
| Histaminergic: α-fluoromethylhistidine | ||||
| Glutamatergic: MK-801 | ||||
| Adenosinergic: caffeine | Anxiogenic in anxiety paradigms | |||
| GABA-ergic: FG-7142 | ||||
| Substance abuse and withdrawal | Alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opioids (e.g., cocaine, morphine), psychostimulants (e.g., LSD), nicotine | Erratic behavior, freezing, reduced diving and explorative behavior, shoaling, increased aggressive behavior | Adult, larva | [70,126,127,128] |
| Substance abuse, Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | Alcohol | Hyperlocomotion at lower doses and hypolocomotion at higher doses, longtime changes in social behavior in FAS model | Adult, larva | [129,130,131] |