Table 1.
Genes downregulated in CBD-treated C. albicans biofilm compared to their expression in untreated control as identified by real-time RT-PCR.
| Gene | Fold Change | SEM a | Description and Function b |
|---|---|---|---|
| adh5 | −2.69 | 0.04 | Putative alcohol dehydrogenase; production of extracellular matrix |
| big1 | −3.75 | 0.12 | Endoplasmic reticulum protein; required for beta-1,6-glucan synthesis, filamentation, adhesion, and virulence |
| FKS1 | −1.41 | 0.02 | Essential beta-1,3-glucan synthase subunit; beta-1,3-glucan is the main component of extracellular matrix |
| ece1 | −2.96 | 0.01 | Candidalysin, cytolytic peptide toxin essential for mucosal infection; hypha-specific |
| hwp1 | −1.46 | 0.05 | Hyphal cell wall protein; hypha-specific |
| eed1 | −6.21 | 0.28 | RNA polymerase II regulator; filamentation |
| efg1 | −1.64 | 0.02 | bHLH transcription factor; hyphal growth, cell-wall gene regulation; roles in adhesion, virulence |
| ras1 | −1.66 | 0.07 | Regulates cAMP and MAP kinase pathways; role in hyphal induction, virulence, apoptosis |
| ALS3 | −1.72 | 0.06 | Cell wall adhesin; hyphal-specific |
| chs1 | −2.54 | 0.12 | Chitin synthase; essential; for primary septum synthesis in yeast and hyphae |
| cht1 | −3.73 | 0.15 | Chitinase; putative N-terminal catalytic domain; has secretory signal sequence |
| cht2 | −1.75 | 0.01 | GPI-linked chitinase; required for normal filamentous growth |
| cht3 | −7.99 | 0.23 | Major chitinase; cell separation |
| erg11 | −3.37 | 0.23 | Lanosterol 14-alpha-demethylase; ergosterol biosynthesis |
| erg20 | −3.32 | 0.10 | Putative farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase involved in isoprenoid and sterol biosynthesis |
| lip2 | −2.82 | 0.05 | Secreted lipase; hydrolysis and synthesis of triacylglycerols |
| lip4 | −1.59 | 0.04 | Secreted lipase |
| lip5 | −1.55 | 0.10 | Cold-activated secreted lipase |
| plb1 | −1.46 | 0.22 | Phospholipase B; host cell penetration and virulence in mouse systemic infection |
| plb2 | −3.03 | 0.06 | Putative phospholipase B; tissue degradation, hyphal formation, and host invasion, hydrolytic activity |
| rbt1 | −2.90 | 0.17 | Cell wall protein with similarity to Hwp1; hypha-specific |
| rbt4 | −3.93 | 0.30 | Plant pathogenesis-related protein, may damage either host cells or competing microbes; hypha-specific |
| rbt5 | −3.04 | 0.01 | GPI-linked cell wall protein; hemoglobin utilization; required for RPMI biofilms |
| pra1 | −9.47 | 0.70 | Cell surface protein that sequesters zinc from host tissue; enriched at hyphal tips; released extracellularly |
| sod1 | −3.44 | 0.04 | Cytosolic copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase; antioxidant defense |
| sod2 | −2.55 | 0.10 | Mitochondrial Mn-containing superoxide dismutase; protection against oxidative stress |
| sod4 | −2.39 | 0.05 | Cu-containing superoxide dismutase; antioxidant defense |
| trr1 | −7.98 | 0.15 | Thioredoxin reductase; antioxidant defense |
| vcx1 | −2.80 | 0.11 | Putative H+/Ca2+ antiporter; tolerance and virulence through calcineurinand Ca2+/H+ exchanger |
a Standard errors of the means, b as described in the CGD database (http://www.candidagenome.org/; access on 18 February 2021).