Table 2.
Primary and secondary outcomes at baseline and after intervention as well as within-group mean scores.
| Baseline Mean ± SD (95% CI) |
Postintervention Mean ± SD (95% CI) |
Within-Group Changes p-Values |
Within-Group Effect Sizes (Cohen’s d) |
Between-Groups p-Value | Between-Groups Effect Sizes (Cohen’s d) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VAS (0–10) | ||||||
| TP group | 7.08 ± 1.45 (6.38 to 7.78) | 4.92 ± 2.00 (3.85 to 6.00) | 2.15 (1.37, 2.94) <0.001 | −1.2 | F = 5.99 0.021 |
0.8 |
| Control group | 7.29 ± 1.07 (6.62 to 7.96) | 6.46 ± 1.92 (5.42 to 7.50) | 0.82 (−0.3, 1.68) 0.058 | −0.5 | ||
| Algometer score (kg/cm2) | ||||||
| TP group | 45.42 ± 12.56 (37.92 to 52.92) | 56.85 ± 15.28 (48.43 to 65.28) | −11.43 (−18.38, −4.48) 0.004 | 0.8 | F = 10.67 0.003 |
0.9 |
| Control group | 45.20 ± 14.68 (37.49 to 52.98) | 42.79 ± 15.32 (34.05 to 51.53) | 2.40 (−3.48, 8.29) 0.391 | −0.1 | ||
| Tender points | ||||||
| TP group | 16.00 ± 3.38 (14.42 to 17.57) | 14.13 ± 4.12 (12.42 to 15.84) | 1.86 (0.56, 3.17) 0.008 | −0.5 | F = 7.90 0.009 |
0.8 |
| Control group | 16.50 ± 2.47 (14.86 to 18.13) | 16.78 ± 1.84 (15.01 to 18.55) | −0.28 (−1.25,0.68) 0.537 | 0.1 | ||
| FIQ-R | ||||||
| TP group | 59.44 ± 9.04 (52.14 to 66.74) | 44.00 ± 15.21 (34.10 to 53.91) | 15.43 (7.81, 23.05) 0.001 | −1.2 | F = 1.36 0.254 |
0.1 |
| Control group | 55.36 ± 16.46 (48.06 to 62.66) | 46.90 ± 20.47 (36.99 to 56.81) | 8.45 (−1.99, 18.90) 0.104 | −0.4 | ||
| PCS | ||||||
| TP group | 24.8 ± 12.0 (18.27 to 29.47) | 17.6 ± 12.4 (14.19 to 28.17) | 7.00 (1.19, 12.80) 0.022 | −0.6 | F = 0.415 0.525 |
0.4 |
| Control group | 24.10 ± 10.8 (15.72 to 28.40) | 23.5 ± 14.0 (13.45 to 27.70) | 1.07 (−4.54, 6.68) 0.687 | 0.0 | ||
| Rumination | ||||||
| TP group | 7.2 ± 3.8 (5.32 to 9.53) | 5.1 ± 4.7 (2.45 to 7.69) | 2.34 (−0.29, 5.01) 0.078 | −0.5 | F = 1.91 0.169 |
0.4 |
| Control group | 7.2 ± 3.6 (5.15 to 9.09) | 6.9 ± 4.9 (4.42 to 9.32) | 0.25 (−1.65, 2.15) 0.783 | 0.0 | ||
| Helplessness | ||||||
| TP group | 12.1 ± 6.3 (8.80 to 14.91) | 8.9 ± 6.1 (5.19 to 12.65) | 2.92 (0.46, 5.39) 0.023 | −0.5 | F = 0.430 0.518 |
0.2 |
| Control group | 12.4 ± 5.2 (9.07 to 14.79) | 10.2 ± 7.4 (6.69 to 13.67) | 1.75 (−1.13, 4.63) 0.215 | −0.3 | ||
| Magnification | ||||||
| TP group | 5.5 ± 2.9 (3.81 to 6.75) | 3.6 ± 2.4 (2.97 to 5.07) | 1.71 (0.38, 3.04) 0.015 | −0.7 | F = 2.05 0.163 |
0.1 |
| Control group | 4.4 ± 2.5 (3.12 to 5.87) | 3.9 ± 3.0 (2.53 to 5.34) | 0.56 (−0.55, 1.67) 0.300 | −0.1 | ||
| HADS | ||||||
| TP group | 20.52 ± 6.83 (16.76 to 24.29) | 11.70 ± 8.74 (7.21 to 16.19) | 8.82 (3.33, 14.30) 0.004 | −1.1 | F=12.03 0.002 |
1.0 |
| Control group | 20.43 ± 8.37 (16.55 to 24.32) | 21.25 ± 9.42 (16.62 to 25.88) | −0.81 (−2.50, 0.87) 0.321 | 0.0 | ||
| HADS-A | ||||||
| TP group | 10.88 ± 3.38 (9.02 to 12.73) | 6.29 ± 5.13 (3.86 to 8.72) | 4.58 (1.69, 7.47) 0.004 | −1.0 | F = 10.25 0.003 |
0.9 |
| Control group | 10.81 ± 4.10 (8.90 to 12.72) | 11.00 ± 4.66 (8.49 to 13.05) | −0.18 (−1.27, 0.89) 0.718 | 0.0 | ||
| HADS-D | ||||||
| TP group | 9.64 ± 4.16 (7.49 to 11.81) | 5.41 ± 4.13 (3.09 to 7.72) | 4.23 (1.51, 6.95) 0.005 | −1.0 | F = 2.97 0.001 |
1.0 |
| Control group | 9.62 ± 4.58 (7.34 to 11.85) | 10.31 ± 5.19 (7.92 to 12.69) | −0.68 (−1.65, 0.27) 0.151 | 0.1 | ||
| 6MWT | ||||||
| TP group | 403.57 ± 107.13 (327.90 to 480.14) | 434.72 ± 73.78 (367.94 to 501.50) | −30.70 (14.13, −61.50) 0.051 | 0.3 | F = 1.54 0.225 |
−0.2 |
| Control group | 407.01 ± 137.09 (326.60 to 473.35) | 411.72 ± 145.83 (347.37 to 476.07) | −11.71 (−26.16, 2.73) 0.104 | 0.0 | ||
| ACT | ||||||
| TP group | 9.60 ± 4.31 (6.28 to 12.01) | 11.38 ± 4.27 (8.57 to 14.19) | −2.23 (−3.65, −0.81) 0.005 | 0.4 | F = 3.98 0.056 |
−0.2 |
| Control group | 10.06 ± 5.56 (7.39 to 12.73) | 10.33 ± 5.42 (7.72 to 12.94) | −0.26 (−1.81, 1.27) 0.717 | 0.0 |
VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; FIQ-R: Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire; PCS: Pain Catastrophizing Scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS-A: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Anxiety Subscale: HADS-D: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale–Depression Subscale; 6MWT: 6-min Walk Test; ACT: Arm Curl Test.