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The microbiome is a vital determinant of mucosal oxygen levels in the gastrointestinal tract. Pimonidazole staining (red), which detects areas of severe hypoxia (pO2 < 10 mm Hg) in tissues, demonstrates a lack of physiologic hypoxia in the large intestine of germ-free mice lacking a microbiome (a) compared to conventional mice with an intact microbiome (b).
