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. 2021 Feb 20;22(4):2108. doi: 10.3390/ijms22042108

Figure 8.

Figure 8

The innate receptor synergisms and antagonisms resulting from the addition of SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial consensus activation patterns (from Table 1 and Table 3). The two antagonistic actions on TLR9 may account for the uncertainty about whether TLR9 is activated or not, despite the coronavirus activation of the receptor. For other TLR, the number of synergisms out-number the antagonisms so that these receptors will presumably continue to be activated. Note the similarity to Figure 3A (the activation pattern in severe COVID-19), the one major difference being the activation of NOD2 in this figure. This activation pattern can vary depending on whether the coinfecting bacterium is Gram-positive, Gram-negative (also activating NOD1) or a mycoplasma (activating neither NOD1 nor NOD2). A very similar pattern would also result from a virus–fungus coinfection such as SARS-CoV-2 as with fungi and yeast coinfections.