Table 4.
Innate immune receptor activation by fungi associated with severe COVID-19. Spp. = species, – indicates no change, ^ indicates increased activation or protein expression, V indicates downregulation or decreased protein expression, +/- indicates conflicting reports about whether there is increased activity or protein expression and a blank square indicated no available information. PGN = peptidoglycan; LTA = lymphotoxin alpha; HSP = heat shock protein; HMGB1 = High Mobility Group Box 1 protein; dsRNA = double-stranded ribonucleic acid; polyI:C = polymer composed of inosine and cytosine; DAMP = damage-associated proteins; Gram+ = expressed by Gram-positive bacteria; lipopeps = lipopolypeptides; ssRNA = single-stranded ribonucleic acids; CpG DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid high in cytosine and guanine, typifying a microbial genomic origin; mtDNA = deoxyribonucleic acid derived from mitochondria; DAP = diaminopimelic acid, a bacterial cell wall component; MDP = muramyl dipeptide, a bacterial cell wall component and ? = activators not presently known.
| TLR 1 |
TLR 2 |
TLR 3 |
TLR 4 |
TLR 5 |
TLR 6 |
TLR 7 |
TLR 8 |
TLR 9 |
TLR 10 |
NOD 1 |
NOD 2 |
NL-RP 3 |
RIG 1 |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lipopeptides | Gram- PGN, LTA & HSP, HMGB1 |
ds-RNA, polyI:C, DAMP |
Gram+ LPS & HSP, HMGB1 |
Flagellin | LTA, lipopeps | ss-RNA | ss-RNA & pyogenic Bacteria |
CpG DNA & mtDNA |
Retroviral RNA | Meso-DAP | MDP | ? | Viral RNA | |
| Aspergillus spp. | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |||||||
| Candida spp. | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | - | ^ | |||||||
| Cryptococcus spp. | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | |||||||||
| FUNGI CONSENSUS | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ |