Table 2.
Comparison of the Touchscreen Assessment Tool (TATOO) performance between age groups and with respect to hand dominance.
| Task/Variable | Middle-Aged Group (n = 25) Dominant Nondominant | Elderly Group (n = 28) Dominant Nondominant |
Group (p) | Hand (p) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Touch entire screen | ||||||
| Reaction time (s) | 1.9 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.3 ± 1.5 | 0.0002 | 0.02 |
| # Taps | 162.7 ± 37.7 | 153.4 ± 32.4 | 139.2 ± 32.2 | 114.0 ± 26.5 | 0.0007 | <0.0001 |
| 2. Touch corners | ||||||
| Reaction time (s) | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.4 | 2.0 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | <0.0001 | NS |
| Test duration (s) | 10.7 ± 0.8 | 10.8 ± 0.8 | 11.6 ± 1.1 | 11.4 ± 1.2 | 0.0001 | NS |
| # Taps | 8.6 ± 0.9 | 8.4 ± 0.8 | 9.2 ± 1.9 | 10.0 ± 4.2 | NS | NS |
| # Correct Attempts | 8.0 ± 0.0 | 8.0 ± 0.5 | 8.1 ± 0.7 | 9.0 ± 2.6 | NS | NS |
| # Touches outside target | 0.6 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.6 | 1.1 ± 1.8 | 0.8 ± 1.6 | NS | NS |
| Flight time (s) | 7.2 ± 0.7 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 8.00 ± 0.9 | 10.6 ± 15.6 | 0.0002 | NS |
| Touch time (s) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.8 ± 3.1 | <0.0001 | 0.012 |
| 3. Double tap | ||||||
| Reaction time (s) | 1.1 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | <0.0001 | NS |
| Test duration (s) | 8.4 ± 1.5 | 8.3 ± 1.2 | 18.2 ± 10.3 | 20.1 ± 11.5 | <0.0001 | NS |
| # taps | 10.7 ± 2.4 | 10.4 ± 1.1 | 19.3 ± 12.0 | 22.4 ± 12.8 | <0.0001 | NS |
| # Correct Attempts | 10.0 ± 0.2 | 13.6 ± 18.0 | 9.1 ± 2.5 | 8.4 ± 3.0 | 0.03 | NS |
| # Touches outside target | 0.6 ± 1.9 | 0.2 ± 1.0 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 1.9 ± 6.0 | 0.0007 | NS |
| Flight time (s) | 5.3 ± 1.5 | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 13.7 ± 8.4 | 14.6 ± 9.4 | <0.0001 | NS |
| Touch time (s) | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 4.3 ± 9.6 | <0.0001 | 0.0004 |
| 4. Drag to different directions | ||||||
| Reaction time (s) | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 4.5 ± 2.6 | 3.3 ± 2.2 | <0.0001 | 0.00132 |
| Test duration (s) | 29.7 ± 15.0 | 25.9 ± 11.9 | 58.7 ± 24.0 | 59.0 ± 24.9 | <0.0001 | NS |
| # Drag attempts | 8.1 ± 3.4 | 6.2 ± 1.9 | 14.8 ± 9.4 | 11.1 ± 7.6 | <0.0001 | 0.0002 |
| # Drags completed | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 1.6 | 3.8 ± 1.5 | 4.7 ± 0.6 | NS | NS |
| # Touches outside target | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 2.7 ± 3.7 | 9.6 ± 11.5 | 14.0 ± 11.6 | <0.0001 | NS |
| Flight time (s) | 12.5 ± 6.3 | 9.7 ± 6.8 | 27.1 ± 9.9 | 23.1 ± 9.7 | <0.0001 | 0.013 |
| Touch time (s) | 13.7 ± 8.2 | 13.2 ± 5.8 | 19.4 ± 7.6 | 17.5 ± 7.6 | 0.0002 | NS |
| 5. Drag along a horizontal path | ||||||
| Reaction time (s) | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 14.2 ± 50.8 | 2.8 ± 1.8 | <0.000 | <0.0001 |
| Test duration (s) | 13.0 ± 2.2 | 12.3 ± 3.7 | 19.6 ± 6.6 | 17.5 ± 4.5 | <0.0001 | NS |
| # Drag attempts | 5.1 ± 2.1 | 4.8 ± 2.0 | 5.7 ± 7.3 | 5.3 ± 2.7 | NS | NS |
| # Drags completed | 3.0 ± 0 | 3.0 ± 0 | 3.0 ± 0 | 3.0 ± 0 | NS | NS |
| # Touches outside target | 0.4 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 1.0 ± 1.4 | 0.03 | NS |
| Flight time (s) | 5.5 ± 1.9 | 4.2 ± 1.7 | 8.9 ± 4.1 | 7.6 ± 3.8 | 0.04 | NS |
| Touch time (s) | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.9 ± 2.4 | 8.2 ± 4.1 | 7.4 ± 2.5 | 0.0001 | NS |
| 6. Pinch | ||||||
| 1.6 ± 2.2 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 2.6 ± 2.0 | 1.9 ± 1.6 | 0.0008 | NS | |
| 9.2 ± 6.8 | 9.9 ± 7.4 | 17.2 ± 12.5 | 12.6 ± 9.5 | <0.0001 | NS | |
| 4.0 ± 9.1 | 4.2 ± 8.8 | 11.6 ± 24.4 | 3.44 ± 6.3 | NS | NS | |
| 4.2 ± 6.0 | 4.5 ± 4.4 | 10.0 ± 9.1 | 5.6 ± 4.2 | <0.000 | NS | |
| 2.3 ± 1.7 | 2.8 ± 3.4 | 7.0 ± 14.5 | 4.4 ± 6.2 | 0.0006 | NS | |
# = number; s = seconds; NS = non-significant. * participants were all right-hand dominant.