Table 3.
List of individual miRNAs or miRNA clusters associated with OFCs. miRNAs were selected from animal, organ, and cell studies that demonstrated a relationship with OFCs. miRNA targets include only those that were validated by anti-correlated expression analysis or reporter assays. CL/P, cleft lip with or without cleft palate; CLO, cleft lip only; CPO, cleft palate only; LMCs, lip mesenchymal cells; MFC, medial facial cleft; OFC, orofacial cleft; PMCs, palatal mesenchyme cells.
| miRNA | Target genes | Models | OFC subtype | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-140 | PDGFRA | Zebrafish | CPO | (Eberhart et al., 2008) |
| - | Human HEK293 cells | - | (L. Li et al., 2010) | |
| PDGFRA | Mouse PMCs | - | (L. Li et al., 2011) | |
| PDGFRA | Monkey COS7 cells | - | (Rattanasopha et al., 2012) | |
| BMP2, FGF9 | Human PMCs | - | (A. Li et al., 2020) | |
| FGF9, PDGFRA | Mouse PMCs | - | ||
| miR-200b | SMAD2, SNAIL | Mouse; mouse cultured palates; human HEK293 cells | CPO | (Shin et al., 2012) |
| miR-17–92* (cluster) | TGFBR2, SMAD2, SMAD4 | Mouse PMCs | - | (L. Li et al., 2012) |
| TBX1, TBX3, FGF10, SHOX2, OSR1 | Mouse | CL/P | (J. Wang et al., 2013) | |
| E2F1 | Mouse PMCs | CL/P | (L. Li et al., 2017) | |
| TGFBR1, TGFBR2 | Mouse | CL/P | (Ries, Yu, Holton, Cao, & Amendt, 2017) | |
| miR-3649 | MSX1 | Human HEK293A cells; Monkey COS7 cells | OFC | (L. Ma et al., 2014) |
| miR-96 | TBX1 | Mouse | CPO | (S. Gao et al., 2015) |
| miR-145 | FGF5 | Human HEK293A cells; Monkey COS7 cells; Mouse C2C12 cells | OFC | (D. Li et al., 2016) |
| miR-187 | FGF9 | |||
| miR-469 | FGF2 | |||
| miR-423–3p | FOXE1 | Monkey COS7 cells; Mouse C2C12 cells | CLO | (Yin et al., 2016) |
| miR-133b | - | Zebrafish | MFC | (Ding et al., 2016) |
| FGFR1, GCH1, PAX7, SMC2, SUMO1 | Human PMCs | CPO | (A. Suzuki, Li, et al., 2019) | |
| miR-374a-5p | ARNT, BMP2, CRISPLD1, FGFR2, JARID2, MSX1, NOG, RHPN2, RUNX2, WNT5A ZNF236 | Human PMCs | CPO | (A. Suzuki, Li, et al., 2019) |
| miR-4680–3p | ERBB2, JADE1, MTHFD1, WNT5A | CPO | ||
| miR-497–5p | BAG4, CHD7, FGFR1, FOXP2, HECTD1, RUNX2, TFAP2A | Human lip fibroblasts | CL/P | (Gajera et al., 2019) |
| miR-655–3p | BCL2, CYP1A1, DMD, FZD6, HOXB3, MID1, NTN, SATB2 | CL/P | ||
| miR-124–3p | CDC42, IFT88, PBX3 | Mouse LMCs | CLO | (A. Suzuki, Yoshioka, et al., 2019) |
| BMPR1A, CDC42, IFT88, PBX3, TGFBR1, ZEB1 | Mouse O9–1 cells | |||
| miR-106a-5p | TGFBR2 | Mouse PMCs | CPO | (Zhang et al., 2020) |
*
miR-17–92 mouse mutants had incomplete penetrance of orofacial cleft. Compound miR-17–92/miR-106b-25 mutants had complete penetrance.