Table 2. Examples of gut-microbiome OOC devices.

Cell source	Microbe(s)/metabolite(s)	Main findings	References
Caco-2BBE, Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear cells, Human Microvascular Endothelial cells (HIMECs)	Lactobacilus acidophilus, Lactobacilus plantarum, Lactobacilus paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Streptococcus thermophiles, LPS	Probiotic and antibiotic therapies can suppress villus injury induced by pathogenic bacteria. Lack of epithelial deformation triggers bacterial overgrowth similar to that observed in patients with ileus and IBD. Immune cells and LPS endotoxin together stimulate epithelial cells to produce proinflammatory cytokines.	[78]
Primary human colon epithelial cells isolated from patient-derived organoids interfaced with HIMECs	EHEC, soluble metabolites isolated from bioreactor cultures of complex populations of murine or human intestinal commensal microbes	Human microbiome metabolites increased EHEC's ability to induce epithelial damage, rather than the mouse microbiome products protecting against the damaging effects of this infectious pathogen.	[79]
Caco2 BBE, HIMECs, Ileal organoid-derived epithelial cells from healthy individuals and patients	Bacilus fragilis (9343), healthy human complex microbiota maintained stably in gnotobiotic mice and fresh gut microbiome from human infant stool samples	A physiologically relevant low-oxygen microenvironment sustains a diverse community of commensals with increased abundance of obligate anaerobes, resembling the in vivo situation. Co- culturing intestinal epithelium with either a single commensal or bacterial cohorts under physiologically relevant anaerobic conditions enhances epithelial barrier function compared with aerobic conditions.	[74]
Caco-2 CCD-18Co Primary CD4+T	Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), Bacteroides caccae	Co-cultured microorganisms alter expression of miRNAs linked to colorectal cancer in Caco-2 cells. LGG induces the accumulation of GABA in epithelial cells.	[55]