FIG 11.

Model of the mechanisms by which LapA and MapA contribute to biofilm formation. (A) Model for c-di-GMP regulation of cell surface localization of LapA and MapA. Representations of the LapA (left) and MapA (right) adhesins anchored in the outer membrane via LapE and MapE, respectively, are shown. Also shown is the periplasmic protease LapG and the inner membrane, c-di-GMP receptor LapD, which regulates LapG activity. (B) Representation of the expression of lapA and mapA in a biofilm. Indicated are possible roles for nutrient and/or oxygen limitation in controlling the expression of the mapA gene.