Table 1.
Tier 3a digital health technologies: descriptions and subtier allocation (N=23).
| Digital health technology and description | Self-manage | PBCa | ||||
| Tier 3a app technologies | ||||||
|
|
Diabetes Pilot [19-22] | PDAb app: patient inputs health data, displayed graphically, optionally sent to HCPc | ✓d | N/Ae | ||
|
|
Few Touch App (FTA) [23-28] | Mobile app: patient inputs health data, displayed graphically. Features: personal goal setting, general diabetes information | ✓ | N/A | ||
|
|
Unnamed (Sevick) [29] | PDA app: patient inputs diet data, feedback on nutritional composition. Features: calorie target goal set by HCP, no data access | ✓ | N/A | ||
|
|
Monica [30] | Mobile app: patient inputs data, displayed graphically, automatic informational and/or behavioral skills feedback | ✓ | ✓ | ||
|
|
iDecide [31] | Mobile app: patient inputs HbA1cf at start. Features: education, personalized complication risk, medication review, personalized goals | ✓ | ✓ | ||
|
|
Diabetes 101 [32] | Mobile app: no data input by patient. Features: 5 educational T2DMg self-management videos with quiz. Automatic self-care reminders | N/A | ✓ | ||
| Tier 3a SMS technologies | ||||||
|
|
NICHE system [33] | SMS: patients upload BGh and pedometer data onto web server: SMS summary to patient | ✓ | ✓ | ||
|
|
Unnamed (Shetty) [34] | SMS: unidirectional nonpersonalized SMS (every third day), informing and reinforcing health behaviors | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
Diabetech [35] | SMS: BG automatically uploaded to server: automated SMS summary, suggestions to contact HCP where relevant | ✓ | ✓ | ||
|
|
Unnamed (Goodarzi) [36] | SMS: unidirectional nonpersonalized SMS (weekly) informing and reinforcing health behaviors | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
Real-Time Medication Monitoring [37,38] | SMS: unidirectional SMS reminder if oral antidiabetic medication not taken (linked to electronic medication dispenser) | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
Care4Life [39,40] | SMS: unidirectional nonpersonalized daily SMS, informing and reinforcing health behaviors. Two-way messaging to HCP for feedback | ✓ | ✓ | ||
|
|
SMS-DMCare [41] | SMS: SMS medication reminders, unidirectional informational texts weekly about health behaviors and appointment reminders | ✓ | ✓ | ||
|
|
MEssaging for Diabetes (MED) [42] | SMS: unidirectional informational SMS on medications and bidaily SMS requesting adherence response (yes or no). HCP call every 2 weeks | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
TExT-MED [43,44] | SMS: unidirectional nonpersonalized bidaily SMS informing and reinforcing health behaviors | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
Unnamed (Haddad) [45] | SMS: unidirectional nonpersonalized weekly SMS informing and reinforcing health behaviors | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
Unnamed (Argay) [46] | SMS: unidirectional medication reminder SMS (up to 3 times daily) | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
Unnamed (Bin Abbas) [47] | SMS: unidirectional nonpersonalized daily SMS informing and reinforcing health behaviors | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
Unnamed (Islam) [48] | SMS: unidirectional nonpersonalized SMS every other day informing and reinforcing medication compliances | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
Text to Move [77] | SMS: patient self-uploads pedometer data: 2 unidirectional text messages daily based on step count and preset goals | ✓ | ✓ | ||
|
|
Unnamed (Peimani) [49] | SMS: unidirectional SMS informing and reinforcing health behaviors. Personalized to individual at start of study | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
Unnamed (Fang) [50] | SMS: unidirectional nonpersonalized SMS informing health behaviors | N/A | ✓ | ||
|
|
Dulcedigital [51] | SMS: unidirectional nonpersonalized SMS 2-3 daily reinforcing health behavior. Patient inputs BG in SMS which alerts HCP if abnormal | ✓ | ✓ | ||
aPBC: preventative behavior change.
bPDA: personal digital assistant.
cHCP: health care professional.
dDigital health technology falls within the subtier.
eN/A: not applicable.
fHbA1c: glycated hemoglobin.
gT2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus.
hBG: blood glucose.