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The influence of sex hormones on ventricular ion channels. Testosterone increases repolarizing currents Ikr and Iks and the Ito, while it acutely increases the L-type calcium current ICaL. Estrogen has a more complex effect. It directly blocks the Ikr , but may also increase it by promoting HERG trafficking. Furthermore, it reduces the KCNE1, thereby reducing Iks. These alterations result in prolongation of AP duration by estrogens, but its shortening by testosterone.
