TABLE 1.
In vitro models to be used to mimic “COVID-19 cardiomyocytes.”
| Outcome | Stimuli | Treatment | Specie | Cell type | References |
| Inflammation/Hypertrophy | IL-1β | 1 ng/mL, 12–16 h (adult cells) and 30 pg/mL 24–32 h | mouse | neonatal ventricular myocytes and adult ventricular myocytes | El Khoury et al., 2014 |
| TNF-α | 1 ng/mL, 12–16 h and 30 pg/mL 24–32 h | ||||
| TNF-α | 50 ng/mL, 2, 12, 24, and 48 h | rat | Neonatal cardiomyocytes | Smeets et al., 2008 | |
| TNF-α | 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL (centered in 10 ng/mL), from 1 hour to 3 days. | rat | Neonatal cardiomyocytes | Nakamura et al., 1998 | |
| TNF-α | 5, 10, and 20 ng/mL, 6 or 48 h | rat | H9C2 rat cardiomyocytes | Shen et al., 2018 | |
| IL-6 | 5, 10, and 20 ng/mL, 6 or 48 h | ||||
| IL-6 | 2 μg/mL for 72 h | mouse | neonatal cardiomyocytes | Hirota et al., 1995 | |
| IL-6 | 20 ng/mL for 40 min | guinea-pig | adult ventricular myocytes | Aromolaran et al., 2018 | |
| Hypoxia | Gases concentration | 95% N2 – 5% CO2 (different regimens of time) | rat | neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes | Yamauchi-Takihara et al., 1995 |
| Gases concentration | not described | rat | neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes | Wang et al., 2016 | |
| Gases concentration and culture medium | nitrogen equilibrated DMEM and 1% O2 and 5% CO2 for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 h | mouse | neonatal cardiomyocytes | Shi et al., 2017 | |
| Gases concentration | 1% O2 (adjusted by N2 replacement in different regimens of time) | human/chimpanzee | iPSC-CMs | Ward and Gilad, 2019 | |
| Gases concentration | 1% O2 (adjusted by N2 replacement) | human | iPSC-CMs | Plant et al., 2020 | |
| Electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia) | K+ concentration in the medium | 5.33, 4, 3, 2 and 1 mM of K+ (adjusted by adding KCl into a K+ free medium) | human | iPSC-CMs | Kuusela et al., 2017 |
| K+ concentration in buffer solution | from 5 to 2.7 mmol/L rapidly reduction of K+ superfusion | rat | atrial and ventricular adult myocytes | Tazmini et al., 2020 | |
| Hyperthermia | Temperature increase | 36 vs. 40°C | human | iPSC-CMs | El-Battrawy et al., 2016 |
| HCM | MYH7 | missense mutation (Arginine442Glycine) | human | iPSC-CMs | Han et al., 2014 |
| MYBPC3 | c.2373dupG mutation | human | iPSC-CMs | Birket et al., 2015 | |
| MYBPC3 | heterozygous c.1358-1359insC | human | iPSC-CMs | Prondzynski et al., 2017 | |
| DCM | phospholamban (PLN) | R14del mutation | human | iPSC-CMs | Stillitano et al., 2016 |
| LMNA gene | R225X, Q354X, and T518fs patient mutation | human | iPSC-CMs | Lee et al., 2017 |