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. 2021 Mar 2;11:4554. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-79590-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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H3N2 focal reduction assay. FRA neutralizing antibody titers were determined using pooled sera for each group of naïve mice vaccinated 3 times with one of 7 next-generation COBRA H3 HA antigens (TJ-2, TJ-3, or TJ5–9) or H3 VLP vaccines expressing wild-type HA proteins (Bris/07, Perth/09, Vic/11, Tx/12, Switz/13, HK/14, or Sing/16) from historical influenza virus isolates at day 70. (a,b) Average Log₂ neutralizing antibody titers against the A/Brisbane/10/2007 H3N2 virus. (c,d) Average Log₂ neutralizing antibody titers against the A/Texas/50/2012 H3N2 virus. (e,f) Average Log₂ neutralizing antibody titers against the A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 H3N2 virus. (g,h) Average Log₂ neutralizing antibody titers against the A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 H3N2 virus. (i,j) Average Log₂ neutralizing antibody titers against the A/Singapore/IFNIMH-16-2016 H3N2 virus. For each virus, the virus concentration was standardized to 1.2 × 10⁴ FFU/mL. The dotted lines represent the 50% and 80% inhibition of viral infection by antisera compared to virus only control wells.