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. 2021 Mar 2;11:4963. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84597-9

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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TRF weights. (A) Lexical surprisal TRF weights averaged over parietal electrodes and across older (blue) and younger (red) subjects. Shaded areas show s.e.m. across subjects. Scalp weight topographies at selected time windows (300 ms, 400 ms and 500 ms; window width of 50 ms) plotted above and below the channel plots for older and younger groups, respectively. N400 components were seen in the TRF weights at later time-lags for both groups and the peak latency of this component was significantly delayed for the older group. (B) Semantic dissimilarity TRF weights averaged over parietal electrodes and across older (blue) and younger (red) subjects. Shaded areas show s.e.m. across subjects. Scalp weight topographies at selected time windows (300 ms, 400 ms and 500 ms; window width of 50 ms) plotted above and below the channel plots for older and younger groups, respectively. In contrast to lexical surprisal, semantic dissimilarity TRF weights were significantly weaker at later time lags for the older group compared to the younger group. (C) EEG Prediction Accuracy. Boxplots of EEG prediction accuracy corresponding to each linguistic feature (lexical surprisal and semantic dissimilarity) and age-group. Dots indicate individual subjects. Consistent with the feature weights of the TRF, there were no significant differences between the prediction accuracies for dissimilarity and surprisal over parietal channels for younger subjects. However, older subjects showed significantly higher prediction accuracy for surprisal compared to dissimilarity at these channels. (D) Topographical plots of prediction accuracy for both age groups and both models.