Table 3.
Unstandardized path coefficients of between- and within-family effects of cannabis use on cognitive outcomes in clinical probands and siblings.
| Between-Family Effects | Within-Family Effects | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Outcome | Ever Used | Onset of Regular Use | Lifetime Frequency | Six-Month Frequency | Ever Used | Onset of Regular Use | Lifetime Frequency | Six-Month Frequency | |
| Wave 1 (M age = 17) | |||||||||
| Stroop Word (n = 1187) | 0.07 (−2.28,2.41) | 0.10 (−0.24,0.44) | 0.00 (−0.03,0.03) | −0.01 (−0.07,0.06) | 0.18 (−1.67,2.02) | 0.14 (−0.43,0.71) | 0.01 (−0.02,0.03) | 0.02 (−0.05,0.09) | |
| Block Design (n = 1105) | −1.19 (−4.68,2.30) | 0.32 (−0.10,0.74) | −0.02 (−0.05,0.02) | 0.01 (−0.06,0.09) | 0.23 (−1.72,2.18) | 0.04 (−0.44,0.52) | 0.02 (−0.01,0.05) | 0.06 (0.00,0.13) | |
| Digit Span (n = 481) | 1.30 (0.16,2.44) | 0.18 (0.00,0.35) | 0.01 (0.00,0.02) | 0.04 (0.01,0.07) | 0.53 (−0.11,1.17) | 0.13 (−0.06,0.33) | −0.01 (−0.02,0.01) | 0.00 (−0.02,0.03) | |
| Vocabulary (n = 1104) | −0.92 (−4.22,2.37) | 0.22 (−0.23,0.67) | −0.01 (−0.05,0.02) | 0.05 −0.02,0.13) | −0.49 (−2.40,1.43) | 0.09 (−0.33,0.50) | −0.01 (−0.04,0.02) | 0.02 (−0.04,0.08) | |
| IQ (n = 1102) | −2.15 (−7.66,3.36) | 0.54 (−0.20,1.27) | −0.03 (−0.09,0.03) | 0.07 (−0.05,0.18) | −0.31 (−3.25,2.63) | 0.12 (−0.57,0.82) | 0.01 (−0.04,0.06) | 0.09 (−0.01,0.18) | |
| Trails A (n = 1190) | 1.59 (−1.32,4.50) | −0.05 −0.48,0.38) | 0.01 (−0.02,0.04) | −0.03 (−0.11,0.05) | 1.81 (−0.71,4.33) | −0.19 (−0.79,0.41) | 0.00 (−0.04,0.04) | 0.02 (−0.05,0.10) | |
| Trails B (n = 1168) | 0.03 (−3.30,3.36) | −0.03 (−0.49,0.42) | 0.00 (−0.04,0.04) | 0.05 (−0.04,0.13) | 1.89 (−0.81,4.59) | 0.08 (−0.49,0.66) | 0.00 (−0.04,0.04) | −0.01 (−0.09,0.08) | |
| CVLT Long Delay Recall (n = 479) | −0.03 (−0.43,0.37) | 0.06 (−0.02,0.13) | −0.01 (−0.01,0.00) | −0.01 (−0.02,0.00) | −0.16 (−0.50,0.19) | 0.07 (0.00,0.15) | −0.01 (−0.01,0.00) | −0.01 (−0.02,0.00) | |
| CVLT Composite (n = 479) | 0.00 (−0.39,0.39) | 0.07 (0.00,0.13) | 0.00 (−0.01,0.00) | −0.01 (−0.02,0.00) | −0.21 (−0.52,0.10) | 0.05 (−0.02,0.13) | −0.01 (−0.01,0.00) | −0.01 (−0.02,0.00) | |
| Wave 2 (M age = 23) | |||||||||
| Stroop Word (n = 874) | −2.34 (−5.00,0.31) | 0.15 (−0.23,0.52) | −0.02 (−0.07,0.02) | −0.08 (−0.14,−0.02) | 0.89 (−2.51,4.29) | −0.52 (−1.00,−0.04) | 0.03 (−0.02,0.07) | 0.06 (−0.03,0.16) | |
| Block Design (n = 790) | 2.58 (−3.07,8.22) | 0.17 (−0.33,0.68) | 0.03 (−0.04,0.09) | 0.08 (−0.02,0.18) | −0.48 (−4.11,3.16) | 0.54 (−0.03,1.11) | 0.01 (−0.04,0.06) | −0.06 (−0.13,0.02) | |
| Digit Span (n = 416) | 0.97 (−0.77,2.70) | 0.02 (−0.18,0.21) | 0.02 (0.00,0.04) | 0.04 (0.00,0.07) | 0.52 (−0.65,1.69) | −0.04 (−0.25,0.17) | −0.01 (−0.02,0.01) | −0.01 (−0.04,0.03) | |
| Trails A (n = 875) | 5.55 (0.59,10.51) | 0.12 (−0.32,0.57) | 0.04 (−0.01,0.10) | 0.03 (−0.06,0.12) | 1.90 (−2.61,6.41) | −0.40 (−1.01,0.22) | 0.04 (−0.01,0.09) | 0.04 (−0.07,0.16) | |
| Trails B (n = 867) | 2.84 (−1.51,7.18) | 0.21 (−0.20,0.63) | 0.04 (−0.02,0.09) | 0.05 (−0.03,0.13) | −5.15 (−9.48,−0.81) | −0.44 (−1.00,0.12) | −0.03 (−0.07,0.03) | 0.03 (−0.08,0.14) | |
| CVLT Long Delay Recall (n = 415) | 0.22 (−0.45,0.89) | 0.04 (−0.03,0.10) | 0.00 (0.00,0.01) | 0.01 (−0.01,0.02) | −0.70 * (−1.21,−0.19) | 0.14 *** (0.08,0.21) | 0.00 (−0.01,0.00) | −0.02 * (−0.03,−0.01) | |
| CVLT Composite (n = 415) | 0.33 (−0.23,0.88) | 0.06 (0.00,0.11) | 0.00 (0.00,0.01) | 0.01 (0.00,0.02) | −0.52 (−0.94,−0.09) | 0.12 *** (0.07,0.18) | 0.00 (−0.01,0.00) | −0.02 ** (−0.03,−0.01) | |
Note: CVLT = California Verbal Learning Test.
***
p < .001,
**
p < .01,
*
p < .05.
Statistical significance is based on p-values adjusted for multiple testing, using Hochberg’s correction. 95% confidence intervals are in parentheses. Due to the use of model-derived confidence intervals and adjusted significance thresholds, some estimates are not statistically significant despite confidence intervals that do not span zero. Covariates were age and gender. Models accounted for the correlation of participants from the same family.