Table 1.
Summary of scale quality information
| Instrument (number of papers) | Version | Subscale | Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha range) | Reliability (test–retest) | Content validity (item development) | Factor analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attitude to Own Ageing (ATOA) subscale of PGCMS (N = 32) | Original (N = 27) | Total score | .61–.75 (KR20 = .78/KR21 = .65) | NR | NR | Single-factor structure confirmed (N = 4) (Kim et al. 2012; Levy et al. 2002a, b; Miche et al. 2014) |
| Ageing perceptions scale (N = 1) |
General perceptions of ageing Self-perceptions of ageing |
.59 .75 |
NR | NR | NR | |
| Self-perceptions of ageing scale (N = 1) | N/A | .82 | NR | NR | NR | |
| Single Item from ATOA (N = 2) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
| Ageing Perceptions Questionnaire (N = 17) | Original APQ (N = 8) |
Timeline chronic Timeline cyclical Consequences positive Consequences negative Emotional representations Control negative Control positive Identity |
.80–.85 .84–.89 .63–.74 .80–.83 .74–.86 .52–.76 .70–80 NR |
.78 .79 .70 .83 .83 .61 .76 .75 |
Focus groups with older adults | Mixed evidence: structure confirmed (N = 1) (Barker et al. 2007); not confirmed (N = 3) (Ingrand et al. 2012; Sexton et al. 2014; Slotman et al. 2015) |
| Brief version B-APQ (N = 9) |
Total Timeline Positive consequences Positive control Negative consequences and control Emotional representations |
.75–.79 .69–.81 .53–.78 .77–.85 .67–.81 .70–.75 |
.95 .99 .90 .98 .99 .95 |
Based on original | Acceptable factor structure (N = 3) (Moghadam et al. 2016; Sexton et al. 2014; Slotman et al. 2017) | |
| Short Version APQ-S (N = 2) |
Timeline chronic Timeline cyclical Consequences positive Consequences negative Emotional representations Control negative Control positive |
.75–.81 .56–.76 .74–.80 .79–.82 .79 .76–.81 .69–.80 |
NR | Based on original | Acceptable factor structure (N = 2) (Slotman et al. 2015, 2017) | |
| Chinese APQ C-APQ (N = 1) |
Total scale Timeline chronic Timeline cyclical Consequences positive Consequences negative Emotional representations Control negative Control positive |
.88 .86 .70 0.66 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.74 |
All items above .8 | Based on original and examined by 7 experts | Acceptable factor structure (N = 1) (Chen et al. 2016) | |
| Attitudes to Ageing Questionnaire | Original (N = 11) |
Total Psychosocial loss Physical change Psychological growth |
.78–.86 .70–.84 .62–.81 .59–.75 |
> .7 for all subscales (N = 1) | Literature review + focus groups with older adults and ageing expert consultation |
Mixed evidence: 3-factor structure confirmed (N = 3) (Laidlaw et al. 2007; Lucas-Carrasco et al. 2013; Marquet et al. 2016) Poor fit (N = 1) (Kalfoss et al. 2010) |
| Expectations Regarding Ageing (N = 6) |
ERA-38 Original (N = 3) |
Total General health Cognitive function Mental health |
> .73 | .96 | Focus groups and interviews with older adults | 10-factor structure not confirmed: 7-factor structure proposed (N = 1) (Sarkisian et al. 2005) |
| Functional independence | .61–.73 | |||||
|
Sexual function Sleep Fatigue Urinary incontinence Appearance |
||||||
| Pain | .58–.60 | |||||
|
ERA-38 Alternative subscale structure (N = 1) |
General ageing expectations | > .77 | NR | Used original items | Exploratory factor analysis used to develop new subscales (Sparks et al. 2013) | |
|
Satisfaction/contentment Physical functioning Cognitive functioning Self-expectations Functional health Social health Sexual function |
> .83 | |||||
| ERA-12 (N = 2) |
Total Physical health Mental health Cognitive function |
.88–.89 .79–.80 .75–.76 .76–.81 |
NR | Used original items checked against focus group data | Acceptable 3-factor structure in two samples (N = 1) (Sarkisian et al. 2005) | |
| Personal experience/Age Cog (N = 5) | Original (N = 3) |
Physical decline Continuous growth Social losses |
.77–.78 .68–.72 .67–.76 |
NR | Items developed through qualitative work with older adults | NR |
| Age Cog (N = 2) |
Physical losses Social losses Ongoing development Self-knowledge |
.79 NR .67–.75 NR |
NR | NR | Footnote confirming 4 factor Age Cog (N = 1) (Wurm et al. 2007) | |
| Symptom management beliefs | Original (N = 5) |
Total score Ageing stereotypes Pessimistic expectations Good patients’ attitudes |
.79–.83 | .73 | Gerontology literature and interviews with specialist health professionals | Acceptable 3-factor structure (N = 1) (Yeom 2013a) |
| Image of Ageing Scale | Adapted to be self-directed (N = 3) |
Positive words Negative words |
.80, 0.86 .72,0.85 |
NR | Older people asked to list the first 5 words/phrases that come to mind when thinking about an older person | NR |
| Chinese version of the self-image of ageing scale (SIAS-C) (N = 1) |
General physical health Social virtues Life attitudes Psychosocial status Cognition |
.51–.65 (Guttman split-half 0.42–.57) | 0.87 | Original scale items plus interviews with 30 Chinese older adults | 5-factor structure confirmed (Bai et al. 2012) | |
| Ageing Stereotypes and Exercise Scale | Original (N = 3) |
Psychological barriers Self-Efficacy Psychological capacities Risks of exercise Benefits of exercise |
.84 .78 .80 .81–.83 .80–.87 |
NR | Based on self-efficacy theory and existing exercise scales | NR |
| RSQ-Age | Original (N = 2) | Total score | .88–.95 | .74 | Older adults reported situations in which they had experienced age-based stigma | Single-factor structure confirmed (N = 1) (Kang and Chasteen 2009) |
| Ages of Me (N = 2) | Original | Total score | NR | NR | NR | NR |
| Future self-views (N = 2) | Original | Total score | .81–.84 | NR | Items generated in an interview study with older people (Kornadt and Rothermund 2011) | 8-factor structure confirmed (Kornadt and Rothermund 2012; Voss et al. 2017) |
| Family and partnership | .67 | |||||
| Friends and acquaintances | NR | |||||
| Religion and spirituality | NR | |||||
| Leisure activities and social or civic commitment | .86 | |||||
| Personality and way of living | NR | |||||
| Financial situation and dealing with money-related issues | .66–.72 | |||||
| Work and employment | .74 | |||||
| Physical and mental fitness, health and appearance | .85–.89 |
NR not reported