Table 1.
Clinical and biochemical characteristics of the study subjects
| Clinical parameters | Control (n = 30) | T2DM (n = 30) | DN (n = 30) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (M/F) | 15/15 | 15/15 | 17/13 |
| Age (years) | 45.3 ± 6.9 | 52.7 ± 8.4 | 55.1 ± 11.4 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.7 ± 1.4 | 27.1 ± 3.3 | 28.2 ± 4.1‡ |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 95.6 ± 7.1 | 168.4 ± 68.7† | 175.5 ± 53.6‡‡‡ |
| Postprandial plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 108.2 ± 15.9 | 212.6 ± 46.4 | 301.3 ± 98.9‡ |
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) | 5.5 ± 0.2 | 8.9 ± 2.5† | 10.9 ± 2.2‡‡ |
| Total serum cholesterol (mg/dl) | 158.5 ± 31.1 | 180.4 ± 34.8† | 187.5 ± 45.4‡‡‡ |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 43.6 ± 8.4 | 44.2 ± 6.9 | 38.4 ± 12.4‡‡‡ |
| Urea (mg/dl) | 23.2 ± 4.0 | 24.5 ± 6.8 | 42.3 ± 15.3‡ |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.1 ± 0.5‡‡ |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min per 1.73 m2) | 129.9 ± 14.7 | 98.1 ± 12.5† | 79.6 ± 20.1‡‡‡ |
p values were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis H test on the GraphPad Prism software
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. † indicates comparison was made between control and T2DM. ‡ indicates comparison was made between control and DN