Fig. 2.
O-GlcNAcylation can maintain intracellular homeostasis and promote survival during stress. The main pathways of O-GlcNAcylation protecting cell survival include: (1) HSP expression, (2) PI3K/Akt, (3) Ca2+ homeostasis, (4) inflammation, (5) PTM interplay, (6) ROS regulation, and (7) mitochondrial dynamics. Meanwhile, O-GlcNAcylation stabilize the structure of the protein and improve the solubility of protein, and trigger various signaling pathways, such as calpain, P38 MAP, TNF-α, Bcl-2, and IL-6, to protect cells. IR, insulin receptor; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1; CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein; eIF2ɑ, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α; Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma-2; ROS, reactive oxygen species; VDAC, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel; GSK3β, glycogen synthase kinase 3β; FoxO1, forkhead transcription factor 1; 14-3-3, 14-3-3 protein; TAK1, TGFβ-activated kinase 1; IL-1, Interleukin-1; IL-6, Interleukin-6; HSF1, heat shock factors 1; SP1, specificity protein 1; HSP72, heat hock protein 72; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; UPR, unfolded protein response; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GPX1, glutathione peroxidase 1