Table 2.
Included studies examining the association between the distribution of monocyte subsets and cardiometabolic disorders.
| Reference | Study designa | Subjects | Outcomes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical conditions | N (Male %) | Ageb | Distribution of monocyte subsetsc | Other outcomes related to monocytesd | |||||
| Unit | CM | IM | NCM | ||||||
| Overweight | |||||||||
| Friedrich et al. (33) | CSS | Healthy Overweight |
27 (7) 23 (9) |
43 46 |
Number | ↑ | ↑ | ~ | – The number of CM and IM was positively correlated with BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, triglycerides and CRP, and negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol. |
| Poitou et al. (34) | CSS | Healthy Overweight |
32 (22) 39 (21) |
34 43 |
% Number |
↓ ↓ |
~ ~ |
~ ~ |
– The percentage of IM was positively correlated with BMI, fat mass, glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. |
| Obesity | |||||||||
| Boersema et al. (35) | CSS | Healthy Obesity |
20 (10) 20 (10) |
42 41 |
% | ~ | ~ | ~ | - |
| Christou et al. (36) | CSS | Healthy Obesity |
25 (40) 58 (47) |
38 46 |
% Number |
↓ ~ |
↑ ↑ |
~ ↑ |
– In subjects with obesity, the number of IM was positively correlated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, non-HDL cholesterol, ApoB, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. – In subjects with obesity, the number of NCM was positively correlated with body weight, insulin, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol. |
| Devêvre et al. (37) | CSS | Healthy Obesity |
26 (8) 40 (10) |
37 41 |
% Number |
~ ↓ |
↑ ↑ |
↑ ↑ |
– The percentage of monocytes in PBMC was higher in subjects with obesity than healthy controls. – There was a higher expression of CCR2, CCR5 on CM and IM and a higher expression of CX3CR1 on all three monocyte subsets in subjects with obesity compared to healthy controls. – There was a higher TLR4-stimulated secretion of IL-1β and CCL5 in CM and IM and a higher TLR8-stimulated secretion of TNF-α and IL-10 in CM in subjects with obesity compared to healthy controls. – In all three monocyte subsets, the expression of CCR5 was positively correlated with triglycerides and glucose, and the expression of CX3CR1 and CCR2 was negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol. |
| Friedrich et al. (33) | CSS | Healthy | 27 (7) | 43 | Number | ↑ | ↑ | ~ | (see above) |
| Obesity (45% T2D) | 60 (17) | 46 | |||||||
| Krinninger et al. (38) | CSS | Healthy Obesity |
16 (0) 14 (0) |
35 36 |
% | ↓ | ↑ | ND | – The migration of monocytes was higher in women with obesity compared to healthy women. – A higher expression of CCR2 and CCR5 on CM and IM was observed in women with obesity compared to healthy women, which may contribute to a stronger adhesion and migration properties of CM and IM in obesity. |
| Poitou et al. (34) | CSS | Healthy Obesity |
32 (22) 67 (15) |
34 38 |
% Number |
↓ ↓ |
↑ ↑ |
↑ ↑ |
(see above) |
| Metabolic syndrome (MS) | |||||||||
| Grün et al. (39) | CSS | Healthy MS |
42 (60) 44 (64) |
49 48 |
% | ↓ | ~ | ↑ | – In healthy subjects, the percentage of CM was negatively correlated with BMI and body fat, and the percentage of NCM was positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference and body fat. – In subjects with MS, the percentage of CM was positively correlated with HDL cholesterol, while the percentage of NCM was negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol. |
| Khan et al. (40) | WSD | Healthy MS |
11 (82) 11 (82) |
43 60 |
Number | ~ | ~ | ↑ | – The percentage of foamy monocytes was higher in subjects with MS compared to healthy controls. – The percentage of foamy monocytes was positively correlated with circulating triglycerides. |
| Hypercholesterolemia (HC) | |||||||||
| Jaipersad et al. (41) | CSS | Healthy HC |
40 (43) 40 (43) |
67 67 |
Number | ~ | ~ | ~ | – In subjects with HC, there was a higher IL-6R, CD49d, and CXCR4 expression on CM, a higher IL6R and CXCR4 expression on IM, and a higher CXCR4 expression on NCM compared to healthy controls. |
| Nielsen et al. (42) | CSS | Healthy Familial HC |
23 (35) 30 (40) |
47 46 |
% | ~ | ↑ | ~ | – The expression of CD36, which involves in the uptake of oxidized LDL cholesterol, on NCM was higher in subjects with HC compared to healthy controls. |
| Type 2 diabetes (T2B) | |||||||||
| Poitou et al. (34) | CSS | Healthy | 32 (22) | 34 | % | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | (see above) |
| T2D and Obesity | 38 (32) | 50 | Number | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | |||
| Von Scholten et al. (43) | CSS | Healthy T2D |
16 (63) 37 (70) |
61 62 |
Number | ~ | ~ | ↓ | – There was a higher MFI of CD11c, which involves in monocyte adherence and migration into atherosclerotic plaques, in patients with T2D compared to healthy controls. |
| Zaharieva et al. (44) | CSS | Healthy T2D |
7 (14) 28 (36) |
52 54 |
% | ↓ | ~ | ↑ | – The percentage of IM expressing CD163 was higher in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy controls. – CD163 expressing IM were positively associated with waist circumference and glucose. |
| Valtierra-Alvarado et al. (45) | CSS | Healthy T2D |
27 (ND) 28 (ND) |
43 47 |
% | ↓ | ~ | ~ | – The percentage CM was negatively correlated with BMI, HbA1c, and glucose. – The percentage of NCM was positively correlated with BMI, HbA1c, and glucose. |
Study design: CSS; cross-sectional study; WSD, within-subject design.
Age: Age is presented as in the original article (mean or median).
Distribution of monocyte subsets: Unit number, the absolute counts of monocyte subsets (cells/μl); Unit %, the percent distribution of monocyte subsets; ↑/↓ monocyte subsets in subjects with cardiometabolic disorder are significantly higher/lower compared to healthy controls.
Other outcomes related to monocytes: Outcomes with significant difference are presented.
ApoB, apolipoprotein B; BMI, body mass index; CCL, C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand; CCR, C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor; CM, classical monocytes; CRP, C-reactive protein; CXCR4, C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4; CX3CR1, CX3C chemokine receptor 1; HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, IL, interleukin; IL6R, interleukin 6 receptor; IM, intermediate monocytes; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; MFI, mean (median) fluorescence intensity; NCM, non-classical monocytes; PBMC; peripheral blood mononuclear cells; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNF, Tumor Necrosis Factor.