Table 3.

Study characteristics.

Study	Sample and setting						Method
	Country	Pregnancy stage	Ethnicity	Sample	Black	Weight	Theory specified	Data collection: analysis method (if specified)
(38)	Sweden	P	A(East)m	15	All			Interviews; text analysis
(39)	US	P	A, C, H	40	48%	Mixed BMI		Focus groups
(40)	US	P	A	19$	All			Interviews
(41)	US	P	A, C, H	58	33%	Mixed BMI		Focus groups
(42)	US	P	A	33	All	Obese and Overweight		Interviews
(43)a	US	P	A	26*	All			Focus groups
(44)	US	P	A	25*	All			Interviews; content analysis
(45)a	US	P	A	26*	All			Focus groups
(46)	US	P	A	31	All		Grounded theory	Focus groups; grounded theory
(47)	Sweden	P	A(East)m C	23‡	43%			Interviews
(48)	Sweden	P/PP	Am	9‡	All		Health belief model	Interviews; content analysis
(49)	US	P	A, H	16*	87%	Obese and Overweight	Health belief model	Focus groups; thematic analysis
(50)a	US	P	A	34*	All	Mixed BMI		Focus groups
(51)a	US	P	A	34*	All	Mixed BMI		Focus groups
(52)	US	P	A	18†	All	Obese and Overweight	Multiple	Focus groups
(53)	US	P	A	21†	All	Obese and Overweight	Grounded theory	Interviews; framework analysis, grounded theory
(54)	US	PP	A, H, Ap	24‡	33%			Focus groups
(61)	Canada	P/PP	A(East)m	80	All			Focus groups, observation; content analysis
(55)	US	P	A	21	All			Interviews
(56)	US	PP	A	22	All	Obese and Overweight		Focus groups
(57)	Canada	P	A(East)m	10‡	All			Interviews; content analysis
(58)	US	PP	A, C, H	25*¶	36%	Obese and Overweight		Focus groups; content analysis
(59)	US	PP	A, C, H	23‡	35%		Health belief model	Interviews; template analysis
(60)	US	P	A, C, H	30	All	Mixed BMI	Theory Planned behavior	Interviews

^aLinked studies Population characteristics:

^‡with GDM diagnosis,

^*Low-income,

^$Teenage mothers,

^¶High risk for depression,

^†80%+ single mothers; Ethnicity—A, Black African; C, Caucasian; H, Hispanic; A(East), East African; Ap, Appalachian; m, Migrant Pregnancy stage—P, Pregnancy; PP, postpartum.