TABLE 2.
Fluorescence probes for intravital microscopy (Condeelis and Weissleder, 2010; Jin et al., 2011; Taqueti and Jaffer, 2013; Toseland, 2013; Caravagna et al., 2016; Kawakami, 2016; Wang H. et al., 2018).
| Class | Subtypes | Examples/target |
| Fluorescence dyes | ||
| TRITC-dextran, FITC-dextran Texas red-dextran | Vascular contrast enhancement, plasma extravasation | |
| FITC-albumin | Plasma extravasation | |
| Rhodamine 6G, Acridine orange | Leukocyte trafficking | |
| Hoechst 33342 | DNA staining | |
| CMTMR, Calcein-AM, CFSE, CMAC | Ex vivo cell labeling | |
| Genetic tags | GFP | |
| Lysozyme-EGFP | Neutrophils and monocytes | |
| c-CSF1R-GFP | Neutrophils, monocytes macrophages | |
| CX3CR1-GFP | Monocytes, macrophages, microglia | |
| CXCR6-GFP | NK T cells | |
| RFP | ||
| CX3CL1-Cherry | Macrophages | |
| CD2-RFP | T cells | |
| IL17f-RFP | Th17 cells | |
| NG2-RFP | Pericytes | |
| tdTomato | HA-CTLs | |
| YFP | ||
| CD11c-EYFP | Dendritic cells | |
| Thy1-YFP | Neuron | |
| Antibodies | IgG | |
| EGFR, Her2/neu, c-MET | Tumor cells | |
| CD31/PECAM-1 | Endothelial junctions | |
| ICAM-1 | Endothelial cells, leukocytes | |
| VCAM-1 | Endothelium | |
| CD45 | Pan-leukocyte | |
| CD11b | Myeloid leukocytes | |
| Ly-6G | Neutrophils | |
| F4/80 | Monocytes, macrophages | |
| GPIbβ | Platelets | |
| Fragments | Fab, diabody, minibody | |
| Nanotechnology | Q-dot | |
| CNA35-QD525 | Inflammation | |
| CdTe/CdS | Vascular imaging | |
| Magnetic nanoparticles | ||
| CLIO-AF555, CLIO-VT750 | Macrophages | |
| cRGD-CLIO(Cy5.5), scrRGD-CLIO(Cy3.5) | Tumor cells |
TRITC, tetramethylrhodamine; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; CMTMR, 5-(and-6) -(4-chloromethyl (benzoyl)amino) tetramethylrhodamine; CFSE, carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester; CMAC, 7-amino-4-chloromethylcoumarin; EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; GFP, green fluorescent protein; CSF1, colony-stimulating factor 1; CX3CR1, C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor 1; CX3CL1, C-X3-C motif chemokine ligand 1; CD, cluster of differentiation; RFP, red fluorescent protein; IL17f, interleukin 17f; NG2, neuron glia antigen-2; EYFP, enhanced yellow fluorescent protein; Her2/neu, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; PECAM-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1; Ly6G, lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G6D; CNA35, collagen-binding adhesion protein 35; CdS/CdTe, cadmium sulfide/cadmium telluride; CLIO, crosslinked iron oxide; AF555, AlexaFluor555; VT750, VivoTag-S 750; cRGD, cyclic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptide; scrRGD, scrambled RGD; Cy, cyanine.